Bok-What? Farming Gets a Face-Lift :: Essays Papers

Bok-What? Farming Gets a Face-Lift 1. New Jersey understructure of the indelible and intelligent Jersey cow, whose milk is less forthcoming than her sister Holsteins around the country, but richer and creamier, nonetheless. Then there are the fields the three estates and acres of Jersey corn stretching up towards the hot summer sun, basking in its glory, waiting patiently for the day when man will enter with his massive harvest time machines, collecting ear upon ear in a dizzying display of mechanized efficiency. And who could forget Farmer Hom, with his fine plot of bok choy, maturement sprightly on his tiny farm alongside lilliputian mustard greens and bitter melon (Taipei Times, 17 Nov. 2002)? Wait a minute. That doesnt seem right. What are mustard greens, bitter melon, and bok choy doing in the middle of New Jersey?2. The answer lies in the current popularity of the veg itself an attractive vegetable with a mild, meaty heart and tender, darker green le aves . . . bok choy has become the vegetable of the moment (Fabricant, 22 October 2001). Restaurants combining Asian seasoning to their dishes or employing fusion concepts have created a sudden demand for strange and exotic produce. Regular consumers, too, progressively interested in more healthful foods, have begun to show interest in this Brassica vegetables alleged cancer-fighting properties. There are some, like Farmer Hom in New Jersey, who have taken notice. Thus, they are abandoning traditional base commodity crops like corn or soybeans, and focusing, instead, on these newly emerging niche markets, growing or creating a specific product for specific people.3. Niche farming is just one of many trends in agriculture that seeks to add value to a product by catering to the specific reads of the consumer directly -- such as restaurants or individuals, rather than large transnational corporations. It is a concept that is benefiting small farmers directly, those strug gling to compete with large, highly capitalized agribusiness because it allows them to produce products the big guys cant the most successful farmers have turned away from traditional farming that produces what people need to niche markets base instead on what people want (Quimby, 17 Nov. 2002).4. Traditional farming practices follow an industrial model of production -- one based on specialization, mechanization, routinization, and economies of scale or size.

In this part of the essay I will be looking at two recruiting poems. :: English Literature

In this part of the essay I will be looking at two recruiting numberss. Harold Begbies Fall in poem first was released in the Daily Chronical on the 31st August 1914.The Changing attitudes to world war 1Harold BegbiesIn this part of the essay I will be looking at two recruiting poems.Harold Begbies Fall in poem first was released in the DailyChronical on the 31st August 1914. It was one of the most popularpoems of its season they even set it to music and sung it in musichalls posters and badgers related to the poem were produced.Fall InIn the first line of this poem the source immediately starts withemotional black mail he writes then if you dont fall in then you willbe looked down on by girls, children, couple and neighbors. I think heportrays this the best hereWhat will you lack, sonny, what will you lackWhen the girls line up the street,Shouting their love to the lads come backWhen the poem was written people thought that the whole point of lifewas to grow up and get married a nd have a family. So these quotes werevery heavy in the recruiting poetry.He also writes about how embarrassed you would be that you didnt goand help your country win the war. He does this really well here testament you send a strangled cheer to the skyAnd grin till your cheeks are red?Recruiting poems were very successful they could be sung with music.They were very coaxing and many men did sign up to go to war. Asthe war carried on and the injured started to come back the poems ofthe reality of war started to appear.Whos for the gameJessie pope had never been to the front line and didnt really knowwhat it was like to fight. I will start with Whos for the Game. Inthis poem Jessie Pope makes war out to be a game she shows this bestin this part of the poem Whos for the game, the biggest game thatsplayed, also when this poem was written rugby was quite popular sowhen she writes Wholl becharm and tackle the job unafraid? it may havemade the people think that it was no worse then be ing in a rugby game.Throughout the poem she uses a extended metaphor she always compareswar to something else and avoids writing about suffering and death.Jessie Pope also makes out that if you dont join up then you willhave to sit back and watch the game go past I think she shows this

Green Chemistry Essay -- essays research papers

If We Had Known About Green Chemistry In 1951, How Would Things Be Different Today?Green Chemistry is the making of chemical products that reduces or eliminates the use and production of hazardous substances in the designing, making, and use of chemical products. It involves the designing and re-designing of chemical creation and chemical products to prevent pollution which will therefore net environmental problems. Green Chemistry is environmentally safe and has very little side effects on human health and the environment.Not many nation know about Green Chemistry. Yet if we had know about Green Chemistry back around 1951, when the world began to develop its industries - such as farming, after World War II we wouldnt now be battling things such as damage to the ozone layer, diseases and harm to the environment, caused by chemical pesticides and dumping of chemicals into our oceans and other waterways.Not enough people realise the importance of chemicals and green chemistry in ev eryday life. Most people think of chemicals as poisonous pesticides and or pollution. But its not. Chemicals can be used to help the environment.If we had known about Green Chemistry earlier many people could have been protected from diseases that were caused by chemical pollution. For example Asbestos is a chemical product used in buildings and trains. It has a hazardous effect on human health. Very alright dust particles break out of Asbestos products and when breathed in, enters and poisons ...

The Long Road to Graduate School :: Graduate Admissions Essays

The Long Road to Graduate School   In his poem, The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost wrote, Two roads diverge in the woods, and I took the one least traveled by/ And that has made all the difference.  In this poem, the narrator had a choice of two roads.  However, Ive ascertained that life is a little more complicated.  Sometimes the path we embark on is not perpetually the one we choose.  Sometimes we are pushed or pulled in certain directions and we have to react to our environment.   My path to a college education has been filled with bumps, potholes, detours and roadblocks. The signs often read yield and do not enter.  The path has not almodal values been clear, but Ive kept my eyes opened, focused on the road ahead, and the experience has made all the difference.   During my freshman year in high school, my mother remarried and I had to move from Colorado to Kentucky.  One year later, we relocated back to Colorado after they divorced.  D uring my junior year in high school, my mother remarried again and I had to change schools again, although we remained in Colorado.  Thus, I did not have a sense of continuity during high school and although I recognized that my path would lead me to college, I was not ready to commit myself to school full time. Instead I went to work full time as a grocery clerk and worked my way up to assistant manager.  I then moved into customer service work and finally fell into an advertising manager position. I took several shadow courses during this period until I was ready to commit to school full time.  Although I could have continued with work, I knew that it was not what I wanted to do and erst I committed myself to attending school and realized that I wanted to study Sociology, I have proven myself to be an above average student.  This past year, I earned all As in my courses.

Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia - Pro and Con :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia - Pro and Con   Abstract   This paper will define Euthanasia and assisted suicide.  Euthanasia is often disordered with and associated with assisted suicide, definitions of the two are required.  Two sentiments shall be presented in this paper.  The first perspective will favor euthanasia or the right to die, the second perspective will favor antieuthanasia, or the right to live.  Each perspective shall endeavor to clarify the legal, moral and ethical ramifications or aspects of euthanasia.   Thesis Statement   Euthanasia, as well as mercy killing, is the practice of ending a life so as to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. Euthanasia is a merciful means to and end of long-term suffering.  Euthanasia is a relatively new dilemma for the United States and has gained a bad reputation from negative media stopple surrounding assisted suicides.  Euthanasia has a purpose and should be ev aluated as humanely filling a void created by our sometimes inhumane innovative society.   Antithesis Statement   Euthanasia is nothing less than cold-blooded killing.  Euthanasia cheapens life, even more so than the very divisive issue of abortion.  Euthanasia is morally and ethically wrong and should be banned in these United States.  Modern medicine has evolved by leaps and bounds recently, euthanasia resets these medical advances back by years and reduces todays medical exam Doctors to administrators of death.   Euthanasia defined         The term Euthanasia is used generally to refer to an easy or painless death. Voluntary euthanasia involves a request by the dying patient or that persons legal representative.  Passive or negative euthanasia involves not doing something to prevent death-that is, allowing someone to die active or authoritative euthanasia involves taking deliberate action to cause a death.          Euthanasia is often mistaken or associated with for assisted suicide,  a distant cousin of euthanasia, in which a person wishes to commit suicide but feels unable to perform the act alone because of a physical disability or lack of friendship about the most effective means.  An individual who assists a suicide victim in accomplishing that goal may or may not be held prudent for the death, depending on local laws.  There is a distinct difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide.  This paper targets euthanasia pros and cons,

Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia - Pro and Con :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Euthanasia - Pro and Con   Abstract   This paper will define Euthanasia and help suicide.  Euthanasia is often confused with and associated with assisted suicide, definitions of the two are required.  Two perspectives shall be presented in this paper.  The first perspective will favor euthanasia or the right to get, the second perspective will favor antieuthanasia, or the right to live.  Each perspective shall endeavor to clarify the legal, moral and ethical ramifications or aspects of euthanasia.   Thesis Statement   Euthanasia, also mercy killing, is the practice of ending a life so as to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. Euthanasia is a merciful means to and end of long-term suffering.  Euthanasia is a relatively new dilemma for the United States and has gained a gravid reputation from negative media hype surrounding assisted suicides.  Euthanasia has a purpose and should be evaluated as humanely filling a void created by our sometimes inhumane modern society.   Antithesis Statement   Euthanasia is nothing less than cold-blooded killing.  Euthanasia cheapens life, even more so than the very divisive show up of abortion.  Euthanasia is morally and ethically wrong and should be banned in these United States.  Modern medicine has evolved by leaps and bounds recently, euthanasia resets these medical advances keep going by years and reduces todays Medical Doctors to administrators of death.   Euthanasia defined         The term Euthanasia is used generally to refer to an easy or painless death. Voluntary euthanasia involves a request by the dying patient or that persons legal representative.  Passive or negative euthanasia involves not doing something to prevent death-that is, allowing someone to die active or positive euthanasia involves taking deliberate action to cause a death.       &nb sp Euthanasia is often mistaken or associated with for assisted suicide,  a distant cousin of euthanasia, in which a person wishes to commit suicide but feels unable to perform the act alone because of a physical baulk or lack of knowledge about the most effective means.  An individual who assists a suicide victim in accomplishing that goal may or may not be held responsible for the death, depending on local laws.  There is a distinct difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide.  This paper targets euthanasia pros and cons,

Iron Crowned Chapter 22

No one had to tell me the ways in which that exponenti each(prenominal)y complicated things. Jasmines gasp confirmed my many realizations.Two placentas, utter Veronica, pausing and typing something one-handed part pipe down keeping hold of the paddle.What whats that mean? I asked.It means they could be identical or fraternal, said Dr. Sartori. One placenta would be identical for sure.I swallowed. The noise, that crinkled sound It was drowning me. My heartbeat, a nonher heartbeat, and other still How was it possible? How could there be so much life in one body?Can you still do the test? I stammered out.Dr. Sartori was holding the needle but made no moves as his eyes flicked stomach to the monitor. I can but its not recommended in this situation. With twins, the risks are increased.I dont care, I said firmly. I still want it. I have to know. With my family history I prayed he wouldnt demand besides many details beyond what Dr. Moore had sent over. He and Veronica discussed a few things, using medical language I couldnt follow. She used the paddle to direct every angle, taking measurements on her computer as he occasionally pointed details out. Finally, after another warning against the procedure, he agreed to do it.It have as much as youd expect from a giant needle being stuck into you. His hands were superhumanly steady, as his eyes held firm to the monitor so he could watch the needles progress. I still couldnt make out much in the images but knew the challenge was to get to the placenta without touching a fetus. Placentas, in this case. They had to get another test kit, using another needle in order to sample from both babies.Babies.I still couldnt believe it. They helped me when they finished the test, loading Jasmine and me up with post-care instruction manual to reduce both self-injury and the risk of miscarriage.Does it thing? I thought bleakly. A miscarriage would take the decision away from me. Itd be out of my hands.For now, one fiddling problem did present itself getting home. I was sore and didnt feel like driving. In accompaniment, Id been advised not to. Jasmine helpfully offered to.I know for a fact you dont have a license, I told her. I was leaning against my car, baking in welcome sunshine.No, but I can puzzle. Come on, its not that far. And you certainly cant. What do you want to do? Call Tim and let him know whats going on? she challenged.I wanted my mom, I realized. I wanted my mom to come and drive me home to her home. I wanted her to take care of me and talk to me like she used to. I wanted her to fix all this.I blinked rapidly and off-key my head, not wanting Jasmine to see me tear up.Fine. I held out the keys. If we get pulled over, the tickets coming out of your allowance.To her credit, she drove responsibly, and she was right it wasnt far. I tilted my seat back slightly, wanting to relief for the next few days or however long it would take to get back my results. I didnt want to endure the wait ing. I couldnt endure the waiting. The cars silence and rhythm nearly took me under until Jasmine spoke.So, she said matter-of-factly. If theyre boys, you get an abortion. If theyre girls Then I dont. I hadnt realized Id made my decision until that moment. When Id heard those heartbeats well, it didnt matter if motherhood and drastic body changes scared the hell out of me. If I had two daughters, daughters unconnected to any prophecy, I would have them. Id figure parenting out. If theyre girls, Ill keep them.She nodded and said nothing more until we were turning down my street. Honestly, I was surprised she waited that long because Id already known what else she was dying to ask.Eugenie?Yes, Jasmine?What are you going to do if ones a boy and ones a girl?I stared ahead at my house. I suddenly didnt want to sleep just for the next few days. I wanted to sleep for the next nine months. Or seven months. Or whatever. I didnt answer her question.I cant have a son, I said at last. You kno w that. Thats all there is to it.

Psychology of Alcohol Essay

The word impulsivity means the inability for one to control his or her actions (the loss of choice). The impulsion to gain alcohol spans across all age groups and all sexes. This is caused by both physical and psychological conditions ranging from peer pressure to depression. It has since become a very atrocious problem contributing to a large number of deaths within the society. psychology of alcoholic beverage Theory Experimental Setup and Procedures Result and Discussions References Appendix Psychology of inebriant Use 4 IntroductionThis report is prepared to prove the psychological relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use. Impulsivity is a type of behaviour where a soulfulness acts on reflex rather than on controlled thought . It is usually manifested as an unconscious action and usually the person is not aware that he/she is doing anything. Alcohol use is the act of consuming alcohol regardless of the amount taken or applied. When there is a high impulsivity level f or alcohol in an psyche it leads to a condition called alcoholism. Theory The relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use is correlational and is caused by numerous factors.Psychology of Alcohol Use 5 somatic Factors Gender Men drink more and have more alcohol consumption problem than women. (Substance Abuse and psychogenic Health Services Administration SAMHSA, 2005) In 2000, the American Psychological Association (APA) did a representative survey of 42,862 adults to prove that men have a higher alcohol dependency than women. Biological factors genetics A meta-analysis of 38 studies found that women are more likely than men to report health problems when they have a history of out-of-control drinking, alcoholism, or alcohol ill-usage (Fillmore et al. , 1997). Psychological FactorsPeer Pressure In a national survey of 20,000 teenagers, 80% of them claimed they started drinking due to pressure from friends. Psychology of Alcohol Use 6 Results American Psychological Associat ion APA, 2000) criteria to diagnose alcohol dependence, found a lifetime prevalence for alcohol dependence of 18. 6% among men and 8. 4% among women (Grant, 1997). in that respect is a clear relationship between the peoples impulsion and the use of alcohol. It has been noted that there is a correlational relationship between a persons impulsivity towards alcohol and the amount of alcohol consumed (the higher ones impulsivity rate the more alcohol is consumed).It has also been noticed that ones compulsion to consume alcohol is dependent on various factors one of which is gender. This is because men drink more and have more alcohol- related problems than women (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA, 2005) Conclusion There is a clear relationship between impulsivity and alcohol use. Judging from the experiments this relationship is caused by various factors. Psychology of Alcohol Use 7 References Grant, (1997). Possible Contributors to the Gender Differences in Alcohol Use and Problems

Attitude, Meaning Symbolism and Allegory Essay

Part 1 Discussion with Others on Symbolize Pool, Highway and Character NeedyThe Swimmer is one of a long familiar works of toilet Cheever (1964) which is illustrative of his suburban stories in which John relates individuals living by using symbolize themes such as Pool, highway, purpose Needy, suburbia and foreshadowing. How these symbolizes utilize by John Cheever to narrate his story summarize the realisms, surrealism and humoristic description of suburban life.I believe the pussycat is the excavation of water. But in John Cheevers the swimmer, the pool is the subversion of the nature which represents the tooshie of characters. Cheever relates his story that the confining nature of the suburbs is inexplicit in the approximation of the pool itself. It is the grammatical construction by which the water, the most important natural of all earthly and an essential of life is set for activities or leisure. John Cheever considers in story, the life of in the suburban as a pool of i ndividuals that share same interest of living.In John Cheevers story, highway is the swimming pools of his county used by Neddy Merril (369) as a means of transportation back to his house. The author point of view Needy used the pool as highway to travel from neighbor to neighbor. From pool to pool/ He travel through the dark underbody of suburbia, and discover the labor of both his and his communitys lives. The highway is the path that allows Neddy to participating his communitys lives and discovers his own life.The Character, Needy consider himself to be an adventurer or a pilgrim when he determines and continues as such even if the end of the story and his unusual ratiocination describe near. As Neddy goes into one pool out to another, he considered himself as reborn each time, finding out that the world is not the informal place he at one time comprehended. He considered the word as a complex that place he never comprehends because of the diversity of human activities and needs . presage and alcohol two symbolize that are important to the outcome of the story. In the Swimmer of John Cheever, the foreshadowing designated what is wrong between the realities and the surreal materialize. The author used the foreshadowing by means of the simple description everyday objects and events. For example the example pool, strange approaches storm despite the perfect sun moment the looking at and signs of autumn. The author did not specify to the reader that this man getting a hallucination or something is wrong. The Swimmer of John Cheever represents the alcohol as a motive and the symbol and important to several levels. As a motif alcohol nearly likes a handshaking or a tranquilizer and polite, temporary motion. It is the of import object around which all social or partiesaction rotates.This is mentioned at the beginning of the story when the narrator talks about how nearly everyone drank too ofttimes. The alcohol gesture symbolizes an invitation to form aside rea lity and join others in a covering of reality. The ready find out that Neddy covering the reality and drink was only the part of the case There may be different interpretation by the readers because each reader has his way to comprehend or represent the themes or the entire story. Certain readers amend or contrast what the author or narrator develops in his novel or book. Some readers explain things consort the way he likes things to be, while others exculpate what someone has developed his story. For example there are many interpretation of the pool in the Swimmer of John Cheever.Part 2I believe when you dream of water. it means the individual will be a powerful and rich man. The water defines the prosperity and lull of life according of certain culture. The snake defines the manhood and the fear. When some dreams of snake, means it will give a birth of boy and he will be a group leader. Falikou from another country had a different point about these dreams. In my country, when someone dreams of water means a long perdurable problem which extend to whole country wile, when someone dreams of snake defines poverty and physical distress. As far as my concern, the multiples interpretation of the same story by different readers because his reader has his believe and his culture in addition to his understanding ofthe story. That why there are humorist, naturalist, surrealist, existentialist and anthropologist. These different categories of people will rescue different interpretation of same story. The multiple interpretations of the same story occur when different opinions of different categories of people amend or contrast the writers stories, novels or books.ReferencesCheever, J. (1964). motive of The Swimmer in Introduction to Fiction Poetry, Drama, andWriting. X. J. Kennedy. Dana Gioia

Fast Food Nation Essay

In his essay, Fast Food Nation Eric Schlosser condemns the impact of abstain nutriment on human health and American economy. Schlosser detests the fast food chain because it causes thousands of independent business to come to an end. As a result, unemployment plays a major role among these small scale businessmen. In addition it creates sociable differences among the people due to food market existence captured by fast food chain.In order to attain a monopoly and dominate the fast food industry, they employ low paid and unskilled work force which is a threat to the public and migrant farm workers. Every citizen has the right to know the ingredients being used in the food so they can avoid the deleterious effects of the fast food on their health. His assertion, introduction of deadly pathogens states the risk encountered by small children who are the future generation of the modern world ( 392).Addition of harmful chemicals to increase the taste and aroma of food leads to chronic diseases like cancer, rap and heart diseases. Furthermore Schlossers fear almost the fast food being a social problem and turning out to be a threat to the American economy is the pinnacle of this essay. Small scale farms and full-time farmers are in the risk of losing their livelihood with the emergence of the fast food industry.He also points out the inability of the Government to eliminate the lethal meat which paves its way into the fast food industry and pose health problems. Then he moves onto the consumers and asserts that, Even the anticipation of consumer anger has prompted McDonalds to demand changes from its suppliers, this reveals that the consumers should be provoked and created an awareness about the ins and outs of the food they are eating (396).The insight of the author about the fast food industry builds up in a gradual process and finally reiterates the need for the public to take immediate action and throw in the towel the use of fast food as their regular foo d and search for other healthy options like simple and healthy cooking which would help them keep a hale and a healthy life. Saying no to the fast food makes the fast food industry to rethink their formula of safe food and saves our precious life as well as the future generation. Lets think about it.

The Development of Wave Energy in China

IntroductionWith the growing concern everywhere the emission of babys room gas and the depletion of fossil in roughly a hundred years (Guo, 2010), greater emphasis be bunsd on the utilization the renewable tripping vigor, such as solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, biomass energy. Wave king, as one of inexhaustible clean energies, stands out prominently due to high efficiency and baseborn capital cost. As a result, Sea wander index finger has been increasingly viewed in many countries as a competitive and promising energy resource(You, 2003).mainland chinawares engagement in the study of beckon energy conversion since 1970s has made signifi shagt progress in fueling Chinas turbulent growing economy. And there is still great potential of and exploitation of roam energy as about 7? 1010 W of kink energy is technological accessible in the near shore of China. Development and deployment of jounce power help phase in the energy structure swift from coal-dominance to to a greater extent shares of clean energy types to tackle the problem of energy crisis and environmental pollution in a cost-effective manner (reference from Beijing Foreign Affairs Office).This status paper focuses on the conditions, progress and challenges of utilizing wave energy in China. Firstly it discusses the physical concepts of sea wave energy, including the basic process, relative merits and several common diversifyors. The important part then elaborates on the reasons and situations for China to exploit wave power. It finally concludes from the progress of utilization that wave power has a vast developing bring out and an infinite market potential in China. Physical Features of Wave PowerAs one of the mechanistic waves, the maritime waves are generated by wind blowing vastly enough over the sea surface and transferring energy from wind to wave(Guo, 2010). Specifically, the formation of waves is due to the tangential stress on the interface between the wind and se a(Guo, 2010), intensified by the wind blows on the upwind side of the wave which cause stuff different between upwind and downwind of wave(Guo, 2010). While energy transformation takes place in macrocosm and transverse aspect, changes of energy magnitude exist in microcosm and longitudinal regard.Under the action of wind and gravity, the particle moves in circle in thick-skulled urine while moves elliptically in school water. Dimensions of particle trajectories decrease exponentially as the depth increase in both deep water and shallow water(Guo, 2010). Typically these paths will become very down(p) at a water depth large-mouthedr than a few wavelengths in the deep water (Chow, 2012), which means that the larger orbits on the sea surface contain more wave energy than those in the deeper location.Consequently, the wave energy is stored in the ocean oecumenic and highly concentrated near the ocean surface(Guo, 2010). The above-mentioned ki authoriseic energy and potential energy generated by sea surface waves is referred to as ocean wave energy(Wave Energy Development, 2006). Huge amount of energy is stored in waves, consisting of 94% energy of the ocean stored in the waves and the some otherwise 6% in tidal energy(Guo, 2010). Generally speaking, wave power open firenot convert to electricity directly ilk wind energy. Wave energy should scratch be captured and converted into useful windup(prenominal) energy and then use this form of mechanical energy to generate electricity(Guo, 2010), which might cause energy loss during conversion. Three determinants of energy output signal are wave height, wave speed, wavelength, and water density. Relative Advantage and Disadvantages The engine room of producing electricity from sea waves is innovative and a leading method worldwide.Environmental pollution and orbiculate warming as a result of fossil fuel consumption control turned people to make use of largest world resource to make up electricity, namely, sea waves. Comparing with other renewable clean energies, wave power has relative high-lightened merits as follows(Kloosterman, 2010) higher(prenominal) Density Wave power is the densest power among renewable energy resources, namely about 5kW/m to 100kW/m(Guo, 2010). The high density of wave power implies that considerable amounts of electricity may be yielded at relatively small sites. Certain ContinuityThe second feature that makes wave power suitable for electricity production is that the wave power can produce electricity continuously unconnected most of renewable energy resources (Guo, 2010). By contrast, nuclear power plants and hydroelectric displaces are hi ghly susceptible to earthquake damage and China is establish by more than 4 typhoons a year on average, making the building of wind farms extremely difficult but wave electrical crooks promising(Aviv, 2008). High Efficiency Besides high density and continuity in production, wave energy also is characterized by its high efficiency.According to S. D. E, wave energy has the potential to suffer 4 times more energy per square meter than wind, leading to rendering 500 times more than the electricity requirements of the whole world population if fully harnessed which offers a solution to the severe global shortage of electricity that is estimated to cost billions of dollars(Aviv, 2008). Multi-purpose Utilization Plenty of other purposes can be cognise by wave energy besides providing electricity. The low temperature water in deep seas can replace Freon for the refrigeration of air-conditioners in summer.Desalination of sea water on islands lacking of fresh water can also be achieved by wave power. As with You (2003), Multi-purpose utilization of wave energy can increase its mercenary values. Some Drawbacks As a rather new field with most of the technology under development, the practical efficiency of the wave power device is not high enough. Basically, wave power is ready to be used at low spee d and high force and the motion of forces is not in a single direction, raising difficulties for most electric generators that operate at higher speeds and turbines that need a constant, steady flow(Powered by the Sea,).Conversely, the cost for pull is high. Since the devices used for capturing the sea waves, the structure need to be withstanding the rough weather and the corrosive sea water(Guo, 2010). The full(a) cost includes the primary converter, the power take-off system, the shimmy system, installation and maintenance cost, and electricity delivery costs(Powered by the Sea,), boosting costs of contemporaries in this way.Also, the wave power electricity generation is highly pendent on the sea characteristics, putting limits of the construction of wave power devices exclusively to the high wave power density coastlines(Guo, 2010). Moreover, wave electricity devise can exert potential negative influence on the marine environment. Large-scale implementation of wave energy co nverts (WECs) is likely to introduce an anthropogenic activity in the ocean(Patricio, 2009). This in turn may contribute to underwater noise which is detrimental to certain marine fauna with acoustic sensibility.Proper and continuous monitor of the noise can help abate the negative effect on marine species. Consequently, the advantages of wave energy far outweigh its drawbacks which mostly can be mitigated with further technological development. Potential Worldwide and in China The realistically usable worldwide resource of wave energy has been estimated to be greater than 2 TW, equivalent to an annual amount of 6000TWh(Wikipedia). The practical potential to harness the wave power to generate electricity would be much less given some constraints like technical and economic difficulties(Guo, 2010).Waves generate approximately 2,700 gig watts of power. According to Wikipedia, of those 2,700 gig watts, only about 500 gig watts can be utilized with the technology currently. This bulky potential and applicability of wave power concentrate especially on the regions along coastlines, including the western seaboard of Europe, the northern coast of the UK, and the Pacific coastlines of northeastward and South America, Southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand(Wikipedia).South-eastern China has an obvious comparative advantage in regard of wave resources, with excellent conditions for mineralization, and there are 130 types of minerals with proved reserves. Recent Progress of utilization of wave power in China Although the first known patent on wave energy conversion was issued as early as 1799, extensive researches have not been carried out until the early 1970s(Wave Energy Development, 2006). Extracting the power of the waves is moving out of the realms of sea mythology and into scientific human race(Powered by the Sea,).Representative countries that pioneered in this field are United Kingdom,Norway,Portugal,China,India and so on(You, 2003). Various kinds of wa ve energy conversion devices have been proposed and many prototype wave power stations have been constructed, such as Salter duck, clam, Cockerel raft, oscillating water column (OWC)(You, 2003). Had it not been due to certain technical and economic constraints, the huge reserve of power stored in oceans covering 71% of the earths surface is bound to have a promising foreground.For example, most of the studies on other influencing devices have been called off in light of low conversion efficiency and poor sustainability, leaving the OWC system of wave energy conversion to be the major(ip) direction of researches(You, 2003). Therefore, wave power generation is not currently a widely employed commercial technology comparing with other renewable greenish energies(Powered by the Sea,). In tune with the world trend, China is in the first rank of countries in studying wave energy conversion at present with a history also dated back to 1970s. Actually, the application of wave power in a r eal sense started in 1982(Guo, 2010).Developments in establishing small marine wave power devices like lighthouse or small power devices equipped in ships laid foundation for the completion of the first wave power station in 2005 with capacity of 50kW and yields roughly 26MWh every year(Guo, 2010). The next milestone is also naturalized in 2005 which is the largest wave power station in china with capacity of 100kW. Both of the power stations are located in the southern province Guangdong with 4,300 km in costline. China has established Department of Energy in 2009, and will focus on development of renewable energy include wave power.Glorious past contributes to the present development of wave energy in China. It is one of the most influencing countries in studying wave energy conversion at present. Up to now, three types of facilities utilizing wave power have been developed, including shoreline OWC wave power plants, floating OWC buoys and pendulous wave power plants(You, 2003). Besides, one of the two power plants in Guangdong province is under construction with 150kW capacity and the other one of 500Kw capacity is planed to start in the near future(Psenak, 2012).A third plant was built in Yangjiang City in 2011. Applicability of different wave power technologies in China can be summarized into five kinds, that is Oscillating water column(OWC), Pelamis wave power converter, oyster wave power conerter, wave dragon converter and Finavera wave power converter(Guo, 2010). The main disadvantages with OWC are low efficiency and high capital cost, which canbe addressed with the development of OWC technology. According to the Chinese wave power company, the estimated total efficiency of the OWC system can reach 20%(Guo, 2010).Although covering the shortages of OWC, Pelamis wave power convertor with long and narrow (snake-like) shape pointing into the waves, is not suitable for China as it can only be applied to high power density area. The same situation applies to the Finavera power converter. The Oyster system consists of a hinged mechanical flap connected to the seabed at a depth of 10 metres. Each passing wave moves the flap which drives hydraulic pistons to deliver high pressure water via a pipeline to an onshore turbine which generates electricity(Powered by the Sea,).Unlike Pelamis wave power converter, Oyster wave converter has relative low demarcation line in wave power density and it is near-shore fixed in shallow water(Guo, 2010). Moreover, the capital cost of Oyster wave power convertor is refuse than OWC systems. It is considered suitable for China, according to Guo(2010). The wave dragon technology is not come on enough to be put into practice in full size. The future of wave power in China Chinese policy is open to developing comprehensive renewable energy resources, including wind power, solar power and wave power.Although wave power is currently the least used in China, it is widely believed that wave power has a big po tential because of some advantageous natural conditions(Guo, 2010). veracious wave climate in Guangdong, Fujian and some other provinces. The potential capacities of wave power in China are 500GW approximately(Liu). Wave energy is considered to be the large useful wave power resource in China. The technologies of wave power have been developed for a long time, though not very mature due to the high cost of the existing wave power plant.Continous experiments with new equipments to harness ocean wave energy as well as efforts to get out sizeable foreign investments would be the major goals of this giant developing country(Wave Power Projects in US, Scotland and China , 2010). It is reasonably estimated that the cost for wave power generation will decrease to a rational level if wave power is largely used for commercial generation(Guo, 2010). As analyzed preceedingly, the on land Oyster systems suit China best and improved OWC will be the most widely adopted wave power generation sys tem in China.According to Guo, if they are combined with newer systems off-shore wave power generation system such as Wave Dragon and Pelamis, these will form the future Chinese wave power generation system. In this way, the time volatility of wave energy can also be smoothed by interconnection of large numbers of devices(Falnes, 1991). Hence, wave energy is expected to have a great potential to be economically competitive with the development of new designs and technical improvements over time(Falnes, 1991).Establishing, operating and maintaining the convert facilities of wave energy is set to provide a major boost to coastal societies for the country. Aviv, T. (2008). Sea Wave Power Plants Available in China Retrieved from http//www. renewableenergyworld. com/rea/ word/article/2008/07/sea-wave-power-plants-available-in-china-53176 Falnes, J. L. , J. (1991). Ocean wave energy. Energy Policy, 19(8), 768-775. Guo, L. H. (2010). Applicability and Potential of Wave Power in China. 48. Retrieved from http//hig. diva-portal. org/smash/record. jsf? pid=diva2327695 Kloosterman, K. (2010).SDE Makes Wave Power in China Where Its Completing 1 MW Power Plant Deal. Retrieved from http//www. greenprophet. com/2010/04/sde-wave-energy-china/ Patricio, S. , Soares, C. & Sarmento, A. (2009). Underwater Noise Modelling of Wave Energy Devices. 9. Retrieved from http//www. see. ed. ac. uk/shs/Wave%20Energy/EWTEC%202009/EWTEC%202009%20(D)/papers/151. pdf Powered by the Sea. New Scientist / Wikipedia. Retrieved from http//www. globalenvironmentalsociety. net/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=57powered-by-the-sea&catid=25news&Itemid=113 Psenak, L. (2012). Two wave power plants underway in China.Retrieved from http//www. renewable-energy-technology. net/marine-hydro/two-wave-power-plants-underway-china Wave Energy Development. (2006). Retrieved from http//www. fp7-standpoint. eu/index. php/en/wave-energy/wave-energy-development Wave Power Projects in US, Scotland and Chi na (2010). Retrieved from EconomyWatch website http//www. economywatch. com/renewable-energy/wave-power-development. html Wikipedia. Wave Power. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wave_power You, Y. G. , Zheng, Y. H. , Shen, Y. M. , Wu, B. J. & Liu, R. . (2003). Wave Energy Study in China Advancements and Perspectives. China Ocean engineering, 17(1), 101-109.

Human Values and Ethics in the Workplace

mankind Values and Ethics in the Workplace Improving Leadership and Performance in the water Education, Supply and Sanitation Sectors RESOURCE PAPER pedagogics Managers Human Values Human Values and Ethics in the Workplace is a capacity-building initiative develop in a collaborative effort between the Global Dharma Center (GDC) and UN-HABITAT, within the framework of the Human Values Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education (HVWSHE) maiden of the Water for Afri butt end/Asian Cities Programmes.The purpose of the capacity-building is to improve leadershiphip and performance in every aspect of the water education and water supply and sanitation sectors, and to help bring about a new ethic in water use and accusation. 2005 UN-HABITAT and Global Dharma Center For to a greater utmost information www. globaldharma. org/hvew. htm 2 Teaching Managers Human Values by B. Gustavsson, School of Business, Stockholm University, Sweden A. N. Tripathi, name of Technology, Banaras Hindu Un iversity, India G. P. Rao, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, India.Abstract The authors be convinced of the necessity in a man dimension in managerial decisionmaking. The problem is to define set in a gay context. We overhear suggested a framework for understanding the origins and scene of homosexuale revalues. We trace values to theistical, humanistic and data-based origins, and connect these to individual, sociological and bionomical levels of application. We have illustrated our framework with a case analyze of a authoritative ascend to teach human values to managers in India.While this get down is in general using a theistic climax, we recommend that other approaches to values understructure be included in gives teaching human values to managers. Human values be necessary in to twenty-four hourss management. Business is no longer confined to a national state but is really borderless. Hence business from the international viewpoi nt, rouse non be regulated by governments unless international agreements can be reached. In this lawless land the responsibility of the executive is greater than ever. Which values does s/he promote in her/his actions and decisions?Which responsibility does s/he take? b bely towards the bottom line or as swell as towards the growth of mankind? On a national level we find similar concerns with ethics and values in management. Being a generator and facilitator of human material wealth, does her/his responsibility towards human values end there? We do believe that the manager of today has a wider responsibility than that. We believe that it is in the delight of the managers themselves to have a heightened awareness of the values of humankind and also to promote them.I. Human values what are they? desire most basic areas of human knowledge and experience, the archetype of human values defies definitions. Yet it can be instinctively felt, cognitively grasped, discussed as a share able experience, and olibanum made a valid area of enquiry. This enquiry is a major under-current of the wisdom literature of all the ancient civilisations and of the posterior day philosophers, scholars and great leaders of kind and political movements.The profusion of ideas, divergent approaches and intermixing of several strands of thought make the effort of conceptualising human values a daunting task for modern scholarship. However, for a clearer understanding of the scope, significance and interrelationship of these ideas it is necessary to have a conceptual framework for classifying them. In the following paragraphs we make a humble attempt at this difficult academic endeavour. Classical literature does not make a distinguishableion between values and human values. Perhaps there was no take away for it then.Philosophical ideas on value enquiry were directed towards finding the nature, meaning and purpose of human existence. In the present century search for a system of values has become a separate branch of modern philosophy and has been called axiology. Although the different realms of this value enquiry cover all areas of human concern same ethics, religion, art, science, social science, law etc. , no separate or special significance is attached to the term human values. One main approach to this guiltless value enquiry we would corresponding to call the ideal-normative approach. In theWestern tradition it is represented by Platos formulation of the absolute values of Truth, Goodness and Beauty. They are conceived as having independent existence of their own and are 3 used as ideal norms for value judgement at the relative level of human existence. In the Indian tradition absolute values are associate to the absolute reality whose nature is described as Sat,Chit and Anand. Attainment of a state of constant bliss by the realisation of identity of the individual self with the universal Self of this absolute reality is the highest and ultima te object of human striving.Closely related to this absolutist perception is the theistic view which may be called a sub-group of the idealistic-normative approach. It is based on a metaphysical belief system which accepts the reality of a divine cosmic order and faith in the authority of a creator God who is also the upholder of all values. The rear of all ethical, social and other human values is sought in the enduring truths, either revealed or obtained through super conscious insights of sages, contained in the sacred religious literature.Although differing in their belief systems, rituals and customs, the great world religions have a large area of agreement on the basic moral values, conceptions of personal virtues and social group demeanor based on humanistic values of love, brotherhood, caring and sharing. Many leaders of the Indian renaissance, e. g. Swami Vivekananda, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi, were inspired by the absolutist-theistic value sys tem and used it as the basis for their efforts towards the animationual, social and political rejuvenation of the Indian society.In youthful times the term human values has been used for this theistic approach to value system (Chakraborty, 1995a,b Swami Ranganathanand, 1991). This is possibly because of the need to highlight the universal humanistic aspects of this value approach, as against the merely speculative, mystical, or life-denying ascetic aspects. In the modern interlingual rendition of theistic value approach the authors have shown its relevance and significance to the managers and other professionals.Another reason for the use of adjective human before these values may be to distinguish this value approach from the modern, so-called scientific, approach to human phenomena and associated values. Interpreted in its narrow maven this scientific approach robs man of the dignity of his divine association, his spiritual nature and reduces him to a biological organism of a random collection of atoms. It denies any meaning and purpose to life and rejects all driveations of faith, belief, feeling and intuitive religious perceptions.This mechanistic, deterministic interpretation makes man merely a malleable automaton, to be programmed to meet the leases of the existing socio-technological order, through manipulation of his lower order needs and desires. In the second sub-group of the idealistic-normative approach to human values we would like to place all the different strands of humanistic thoughts, ranging from love and compassion of Buddha to the radical humanism of Marx. Included in this sub-group are the ideas of humanists having alter degrees of theistic, non-theistic and atheistic leanings but attaching prime importance to man and to human values.As Fromm (1981, p. 148) points out There is a remarkable kinship in the ideas of the Buddha, Eckhart, Marx, and Schweitzer their radical demand for good-looking up the having orientation their insist ence on complete independence their metaphysical skepticism their godless religiosity, and their demand for social activity in the spirit of care and human solidarity (emphasis added). These humanist ideas and movements developed as protests against oppressive constraints on human spirit of freedom, creativity and dignity, imposed by religious dogmas or by dehumanising social or technological orders at their day.They developed a new ethics of man based on interconnectedness of humankind, love and respect for life, the rapture of sharing and caring, and the faith in man to shape his own destiny. They find deep reflections in the literary traditions of both the East and the West over the survive few centuries (Bharati, 1990), and gave rise to different kinds of social and political theories, like liberalism and socialism, for the betterment of humankind, particularly of the oppressed and the exploited.In recent times it has led to the declaration of world-wide Human Rights by the U nited Nations. The term human values has generally been understood in this context of humanistic thoughts. The second main approach to human values we would like to call the empirical-goal-directed approach adopted by modern psychologists and other social scientists like Rokeach (1973), Schwartz (1994) 4 and Mukherjee (1965). It views the of values as a intelligible comp atomic number 53nt of the total human personality, which guide or affect attitude and behaviour of the individual and social groups.In Schwartzs view values are responses to triple universal requirements with which all individuals and societies must cope needs of individual biological organisms, requisites of coordinated social interaction and requirements for smooth functioning and survival of groups (Schwartz, 1994, p. 21). This approach is non-normative and is not based on any religious, philosophical system of ideas or world view, nor on any social-political ideology. Identification of values, their classifica tion, and search for interrelationships between them is based on empirical methods of observation, attitude surveys, statistical validation techniques etc.Conceptualisation of human values based on the findings of empirical research is fast becoming a distinct area of social science research. These empirical studies and researches on human values are not merely idealistic or intellectual exercises. They are nonrandom in the sense that the knowledge gained by them is sought to be utilised for practical purposes in diverse areas like, management science (leadership and team building, human mental imagery development etc. , socio-political policy decisions (welfare programmes, race relations, ordained action programmes for minorities, population control programmes, environmental policy etc. ). Hence the use of the term purposive in the descriptive title empirical-purposive for this approach to human values. Another way of classifying the different approaches to human values could be in terms of the level of compendium they center their fear on. These levels may be called the individual, the sociological and the ecological.The first level tensenesses on the individual human being, taken as an independent entity. Some informative value terms referring to this level are survival values, character, personal virtues, aesthetic appreciation, human rights, salvation, self-realization, etc. At the second level individual values are subordinated to the sociological values. It is concerned with operation of values at the collective level of human society and includes values associated with family and other social institutions and professions caring nd sharing, sense of social responsibility, social and sparing justice, sarvodaya, values of humanity and human interconnectedness, etc. Similarly the ecological level subordinates the first two and consists of values from the standpoint of human beings as a part of the total ecological system. In the reports commission ed by the Club of Rome there is a concern for developing a new world consciousness , a new ethic in the use of material resources, a new attitude towards nature, based on harmoniousness rather than on conquest sense of identification with future generations (Mesaroric, M. D. and Pestel, E. , 1974, p. 148) to avoid global catastrophe caused by unrestrained economic growth. For the first time a demand is being made for an ethical remove, not as a consequence of ethical belief but as the rational consequence of economic abstract (Fromm, 1988, p. 149). Human values perceptions from this perspective focus on the inter-dependency of human beings and nature and include expressive terms like respect for and harmony with nature, concept of Mother Earth, sustainability, conservation etc.We thus arrive at a two-dimensional ground substance for the classification of human values concepts. One dimension of this matrix consists of the different approaches and the other of the tierce levels o f aggregation, shown as the horizontal and the vertical columns of the table below. Approach Level Individual Sociological Ecological turn off 1 flavourless classification framework of human values IDEAL-NORMATIVE Theistic Humanistic x x x EMPIRICALPURPOSIVE x x x 5 It needs to be emphasised that the categories in this proposed classification scheme are far from being exclusive. In fact they very much overlap.For example many of the humanistic approaches have theistic foundations and many items of the empirical approach are reformulations of the idealistic approach. What is being implied in the classification is the identification of the main emphasis or main focus of the approach. The entries in the matrix indicate what we consider to be the main level(s) of aggregation which a particular approach focuses on. In our view the theistic approach focuses mainly on the individual level in its quest for making a smashing man, whereas the humanistic approach is concerned with both the good man and the good society.This is not to deny the sociological and ecological concerns of the theistic approach however we feel that these concerns are secondary to that for the individual. On the other hand the different empirical approaches together cover all the three, individual, social and ecological levels. The progression in the above matrix, both in the vertical and the horizontal directions, has a chronological order. The earliest human value perceptions were related to the individual level. The growing complexities and tensions of the human societies enlarged the scope to include the sociological considerations as its second focus.And the disastrous impact of the quick technological developments, coupled with the population explosion, of the present century has made ecological concern as the third focus. Once again this chronological flow has no exclusivity. The philosophical speculations and beliefs of the earliest civilisations, including the aboriginal civilisatio ns in existence today, have remarkable sensitivity and insights about the nature and mans relation to it. However it is only in the recent times that the theme has acquired an urgency to prompt development of a concerted approach to human values in relation to ecology.Similarly many of the later day humanistic values have been traced to the earliest Upanishadic idealistic-theistic views on life and its value (Devaraj, 1988). Yet there is a general chronological flow from the absolutist, theistic view of human values to the humanist view and finally to the present day empirical view. II. Can human values be taught? The question of interest to us is if human values can be taught to modern managers in any systematic way and, if so, to what potentiality. S. K.Chakraborty, Management Centre for Human Values, Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, has since 1983 been giving workshops on the theme Human Values on an in-house basis in many companies and as uncivil workshops for manager s from different companies and academics, mainly from India, but also from abroad. The impetus for this development is said to have come from managers at various management development programmes given at Indian Institute of Management in Calcutta, asking for Indian insights that could be valuable for organizations and management.The objective of the workshops is to enhance in flesh participants the sensitivity to and sustenance of the value-system, which Chakraborty has distilled from what he calls the Indian ethos, based on studies of Buddhist, Vedantic and yogistic literature together with Indian epics and Pauranic literature. It is claimed that Indian values are found in the deep-structure of the Indian psyche, as reflected in these sources. The basic idea is purification of the mind, partly through a mind-stilling technique, and partly through practice of nourishing noble thoughts (e. g. compassion, friendliness, humbleness), and rejecting wicked ones (e. . greed, jealousy, arrogance). Such practice will reveal the divine, or high self, within the individual and s/he will be able to perceive the same in others. The goal is that in a management setting these practices will have repercussions on business life, much specifically in respect of the individual, improved cooperation, non-attachment to the selfish rewards of the work, increased creativity, service to the customer, improved quality, creating an ethico-moral soundness, cultivating self-command and self-restraint, and enhancing generosity (Chakraborty, 1991, pp. 9-20). 6 The content of the workshops varies according to the duration. There are three modules, the first one tenacious three days and the next two lasting two days each. Each module elaborates on different principles. Module I, also called the foundational module, develops the basic concepts and practices. It is argued that managerial effectiveness is dependent on a sound values system, undergirding the superstructure of skills, whi ch in turn emanates from a pure mind.The factors influencing a pure mind are discussed in terms of higher and lower self, disidentification and reidentification with the last mentioned and the former respectively, the guna, karma, samskaras, nishkam karma and other theories. The first steps of the mind-stilling technique relating to these principles are given at this stage. Module II focuses on leadership and teamwork and elaborates on a return of principles from the Vedantic and Buddhist literature connected to the theme. Additional steps in the mind-stilling techinque are also introduced. Module III covers the topics stress, counselling and communication.The main issue here is to constitute with ones innermost self, which is ananda, as the basic remedy for stress-generating influences. A few more steps are included in the mind-stilling process in this module. These modules can be taken separately or jointly. In the annual workshop at the Management Centre for Human Values all t hree modules are offered integrally. The workshops are promoted directly and indirectly directly through mailing of pamphlets to selected companies, and indirectly through the network of previous course participants on the workshops.Initiatives to the in-house workshops can come from top management, HRD (personell) department, open workshop participants who want to bring in the workshop to the company, persons who have come in contact with Chakrabortys ideas, etc. The participation in the workshops are mostly on a voluntary basis, whereas there could be occasions when managers have been asked by the CEO or someone high up to attend the workshops. Following our compartmentalisation of human values above, these workshops would fall into the idealnormative approach, with theistic leanings.The source of the values taught at the workshops are derived from the sacred texts of Indian wisdom literature, and the values are claimed to have an lasting and universal character to a great exten t. It is normative in the sense that the values are something people ought to have from the ideal perspective, not accepting authentic values, or disvalues, just because people are having them. The basic foundation of values is taken to be divine, implying a theistic approach, whereas the humanistic elements are found in caring values, concern for others, love and compassion.The level of focus is mainly on the individual in terms of personal virtues. It is stated that in order to change the environment we must start with ourselves. Thus, more aggregated human levels (organizational, political, societal, ecological, global) are not neglected, but the starting point is the individual. III. Participant responses The participants are asked to submit on the last day of the workshop plans of action which they would like to implement in the six months to follow.We have such plans of actions from a total of 208 participants who attended seven in-house workshops and one Annual Internationa l Workshop, held between August 1995 and February 1996, as per the following particulars 7 Serial No. 1 2 Workshop Tata Iron and Steel corporation (TISCO) Tata engineering and Locomotive hold (TELCO I) Bokaro Steel Plant (BSP) Ordnance Factory Ambajhari (OFAJ) Tata Engineering and Locomotive Limited (TELCO II) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) Indian Farmers and Fertilisers Company Limited ( IFFCO ) TOTAL No of participants 22 32 4 5 23 17 23 6 7 17 32 166 42 208 8 Annual International Workshop ( IIMC ) GRAND TOTAL Table 2 Workshops examined TISCO and TELCO belong to the well established and highly reputed Tata Group of Companies in India, epoch the others are leading public sector undertakings / government organisations. Managers belonging to senior and middle management cadre normally participate in these in-house workshops. The rank during the workshops can vary some are pure peer-groups and at some there can be a superior-subordinate relationship during the same workshop.Th e annual international workshop, on the other hand, attracts top and senior practitioners, owner-managers, academia, consultants, and government officials from India and abroad. The respondents whose plans of action would be analysed thus represent a cross section of highly educated,motivated and successful persons in their elect spheres of activity. The responses/ data which constitute their plans of action, however, have certain built in limitations 1. We can only make inferences from the immediate time at the end of the workshop 2.We can only study the managers responses to, and expectations of human values, not how they are reflected in their behaviour 3. We do not know whether there has occured any changes in the managers attitudes towards human values, as we dont have data from them prior to the workshop 4. We do not know how honest their attitudes are due to perceived group pressure from peers, super/subordinates, from the course leader, desire to give a good (or bad) impres sion or other possible factors. 5.The answers are given spontaneously without forewarning and therefore may not be well thought out ideas. 8 The analysis of the plans of action meant to understand the intentions of the participants, and make inferences from their statements the extent to which these workshops have influenced human values in managers. The think actions are analysed with reference to (a) the contents of the workshop, and (b) the purpose of, and the direction in, which they want to make use of the contents, inputs, knowledge and skills they have learnt from the workshops.A) Content Analysis A content analysis of the responses shows that the most frequent item figuring in almost all of the course participants plan of action is the resolve to practice the mind-stilling and breathing exercises taught in the course as an essential experiential practice for Chitta-Shuddhi and for communion with the higher Self. Its enthusiastic reception may have also been prompted by the urgent need for maintaining a calm mind in the tension ridden life of practicing managers. The next most common resolve relates to the practice of a cluster of values and value-principles emphasised in the course.It includes, (i) cultivation of values related to higher self and suppression of disvalues associated with lower self, (ii) practice of nishkam karma (self-less action) in work-life as well as personal life, (iii) practice of giving model of life based on the concept of five fold debts (deva rin, rishi rin, pitririn, nri rin, and bhuta rin) (iv) cultivation of satwaguna over rajoguna, and (v) introspection to examine, and to rearrange ones career goals, life styles, attitudes and value systems in the light of the above noted paradigm of higher values.Some responses indicate a desire to propagate and share the ideas learnt in the course with members of the family as well as members of the work-group. A smaller number of responses show the desire to learn more about these ide as by reading the sacred wisdom literature of India, like Gita, Upanishhads, writings of Vivekanand, etc. One can conclude from this content analysis that the value concepts of Indian psycho-spiritual tradition have been well accredited. They have had a positive impact on the participants as indicated by their resolve to internalise them and to use them as a basis for self-development.B) Purpose/Direction Analysis A poring over of the plans of action indicated that the purpose of the participants was to apply the knowledge gained by them for development of the self, members of his/her workgroup, viz, superiors, colleagues, and subordinates, and of his/her family members and friends. They also wanted to transmit or communicate the knowledge they gained to the members of their workgroup, family and friends. The purpose thus was three-fold (development of self, workgroup members, and of family and friends) and, the direction two-fold (toward workgroup members, and toward his/her fami ly and friends).Juxtaposing the purpose and direction, a table is prepared containing relevent particulars and percentage analysis. 9 WORKSHOP NO. OF PRTICIPANTS WITH MAJOR FOCUS ON SELF DEVEL. OTHERS TOTAL NO. OF PLANS OF proceeding FOCUSING ON SELF OTHER PERSONS DEVEL. IN OUTSIDE ORG. 5 85 (75%) 89 (96%) 92 (80%) 29 (66%) 61 (90%) 37 (54%) 147 (96%) 540 (82%) 215 (87%) 755 (84%) 6 14 (12%) 3 (3%) 18 (16%) 11 (25%) 4 (6%) 25 (37%) 4 (2. 5%) 79 (12%) 21 (9%) 100 (11%) 7 15 (13%) 1 (1%) 5 (4%) 4 (9%) 3 (4%) 6 (9%) 2 (1. 5%) 36 (6%) 11 (4%) 47 (5%) TOTAL PLAN TO COMMUNICATE KNOWLEDGE TO OTHERS WITHIN ORGAN. 15 (52%) 2 (67%) 11 (48%) 7 (29%) 1 (100%) 15 (88%) 5 (63%) 56 (53%) 5 (38%) 61 (52%) OUTSIDE ORG. 10 14 (48%) 1 (33%) 12 (52%) 17 (71%) nil 2 (12%) 3 (37%) 49 (47%) 8 (62%) 57 (48%) TOTAL 1 1. TISCO (N=22) 2. TELCO (N=32) 3. BS P (N=23) 4. OFAJ (N=17) 5. TELCO (N=23) 6. HAL (N=17) 7. IFFCO (N=32) TOTAL 8. MCHV (N=42) GRAND TOTAL 2 11 (50%) 28 (87%) 11 (48%) 4 (24%) 18 (78%) 4 (24 %) 31 (97%) 107 (65%) 37 (88%) 144 (69%) 3 11 (50%) 4 (13%) 12 (52%) 13 (76%) 5 (22%) 13 (76%) 1 (3%) 59 (35%) 5 (12%) 64 (31%) 4 22 32 23 17 23 17 32 166 42 208 8 114 93 115 44 68 68 153 655 247 902 11 29 3 23 24 1 17 8 105 13 118Table 3 Analysis of plans of action from course participants on workshops for human values As stated, two values (percentages) have been calculated, viz. number of participants with 50% or more plans aimed at self-development and, number of plans aiming at self-development as a percentage of total number. of plans. For example, in the first workshop included in the table (TISCO, N=22), 50% of participants had their plans aimed at self-development (column 2), while 75% of the total number of plans discernible from the statement of the participants of the workshop were meant for self-development (column 5).The most forceful and consistent finding from above relates to the self in terms of both the number of participants focussing on themselves, and also the number of plans made for their own development. In all, 69% of participants had 50% or more of their plans aimed at self-development (column 2) and 84% of the plans of actions envisaged related to self -development (column. 5) such as those discussed under the content analysis. The first three workshops in the first category, viz. the percentage of participants with focus on self, are IFFCO (97%), IIMC (88%) and TELCO-I (87%).TELCO-II, IFFCO, and TELCO-I workshops occupy the top three positions with 96, 96 and 90 percentages respectively in the second category, viz. the percentage of plans aimed at self-development. The remaining three workshops have corresponding percentages as follows BSP (48% of participants, and 80% of plans being selforiented), OFAJ (24 and 66), and HAL (24 and 54). Even in the case of OFAJ and HAL workshops which have lowest percentage of participants with 24 each, also have more than 50 percent plans each (66 and 54%) aimed at self-development.It thus appears that self-orientation in terms of the percentages of participants and of plans of action cuts across, and permeates, all the eight workshops covered. The other finding deserving attention relates to the desire of the participants to use their knowledge gained through the workshops for the development of their workgroup members, i. e. superiors, 10 colleagues and subordinates of the participants. On the whole, 31% of participants had their plans primarily aimed at the deveopment of their workgroup members (column 3). Eleven percent of the plans of action were aimed at such development (column 6).However, the public sector organizations, OFAJ, HAL and BSP, show significantly higher interest in their workgroup members. This can bee seen in both the number of participants with major focus in their plans on others (76, 76 and 52 % respectively, column 3), and in the number of plans of action focusing on others persons in the organization (37, 25 and 16 %, column 6). The inferences are t hat the public sector managers perceive -as compared to their counterparts in private sector higher need for training of others and lower need for themselves.This difference may be apocalyptical of a different organizational behaviour and social thinking in these organizations with respect to individual and group focus. It may indicate that the managers in the political organizations consider themselves less needy in development than their subordinates (Im OK but youre not). Or it may indicate a sincere concern of the managers in the governmental sector for their fellowmen. Such difference in organizational behaviour could stem from factors connected to the difference in ownership influencing the organizational culture.However, the responses in our data are too inconclusive for us to make any definite conclusion on this point. IV. Our conclusions Chakrabortys innovative approach to value education for practising managers is impressive. He has culled out selected psycho-spiritual values from the traditional wisdom literature of India, suitably reinterpreted them and woven them together to form a coherent theory of human values. This theory is then utilised to inform the problems and tensions of both personal and work life of modern professionals and to indicate the way for a better quality of life.That this approach finds deep resonance in the hearts and minds of Indian managers is evident from our observations of the course participants enthusiastic, and at times deeply moving, articulations at the conclusion of the workshops. At the beginning of section II we raised the question whether human values can be taught and with what degree of effectiveness. Judging from the course participants responses, Chakrabortys approach seems to have met with mostly deep appreciation. Such response undoubtably provides a fertile flat coat for reexamining and developing ones human values.To that extent it is evident that the workshops have been effective in influencing th e human values of the course participants. However, it is difficult to reach any conclusion as to what extent the course objectives have been interiorised by the course participants and the general learning effects of the workshops in the daily lives of the participants. What are the effects in the managers work and family lives, and do their decisions reflect an increased awareness of human values?Neither can we draw any conclusions about the duration of the effects, i. e. whether it will last for a day or week and then vanish, or if the effects are stable and enduring. It is also evident from the responses and the stated objectives of the course that the main focus is on the self self-awareness, self-analysis and self-development. It is consistent with the view that the individual is the cornerstone of all changes and transformations at the organizational as well as the societal levels.While the necessity of this self-development as a precondition for the value transformation in s ociety may not be in doubt, the emphasis on it may convey the cognitive content that it is also sufficient for all the value problems of todays living. At the organizational level the difficulty may be posed in terms of two distinct, though related, categories of intra-personal and inter-personal values. The latter are of vital significance to managers organizational role of a team leader, a change agent or a member of a work group. A heightened sensitivity to personal virtues, which is very effective t the intra-personal level, in itself may not be sufficient for values needed for effectiveness at the inter-personal level. Additional emphasis on humanistic values like human warmth, friendliness, acceptance of the other person as s/he is, trust, 11 empathy etc. , may help bring about a better value balance. As indicated in our study, the emphasis on the inter- and intra-personal levels, as also the extent to which other approaches to human values should be emphasized, may have to b e adjusted depending on the type of organization that is approached.The manager significantly affects, and is affected by, the value culture of the society, through the mediating agency of organizations and other social institutions. Proper appreciation of this value dynamics requires understanding, and interiorisation, of the operation of human values at the societal and ecological levels of our categorization. It is not clear as to what extent values at these levels can be developed and nourished through the present structure and approach of the human value workshops.An evaluation of the impact of the workshops, including long-term effects and effects on different levels of human values, may help clarify the position and lead to suggestions for expansions and alterations in the course contents as well as the methodology of the workshops. References Bharati, D. (1990). Mnav Mulya Aur Shitya (in Hindi transl. Human Values and Literature) Delhi, Bhartiya Jnanpith. Chakraborty, S. K. (1991). Management by Values. Delhi Oxford University Books. Chakraborty, S. K. (1995a). Human Values for Managers. Delhi cyclist Publishing Co. Chakraborty, S. K. (1995b).Ethics in Management. Delhi Oxford University Press. Devaraj, N. K. (1988). Humanism in Indian Thought. Delhi Indus Publishing Co. Fromm, E. (1981). To Have or To Be. young York Bantam Books. Mesaroric, M. D. and Pestel, E. (1974). Mankind at the Turning Point. New York E. P. Dutton, quoted from Fromm, 1988, p. 148. Mukherjee, R. (1965). The Social Structure of Values. Delhi S. Chand. Rokeach, M. (1973). The Nature of Human Values. New York Free Press. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and conduct of human values? diary of Social Issues, 50, no. 4, 19-45. SwamiRanganathanand (1991). Human Values in Management. Delhi Bharati Vidya Bhavan. Notes 1. The authors are grateful to professor S. K. Chakraborty, convenor of the Management Center for Human Values, Indian Institute of Ma nagement, Calcutta, India, for his collaboration, support and comments on this paper. Gustavsson, Tripathi & Rao 1996. No part of this work may be reprinted in any form, physical, electronic, or otherwise, without written consent from the author. About the authors B. Gustavsson graduated (civ. ek. ) 1975 from School of Business, Stockholm University, Sweden, and received his Ph. D. (Ekon. r. ) there in 1992. He is presently working as assistant professor at School of Business, Stockholm University. His latest project is a study on values transition in Indian management. A. N. Tripathi is a professor of electrical engineering at the Intstitute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, India. He obtained his B. Sc engg (electrical) from Banaras Hindu University in 1960, M. Tech (control systems) from Indian Institute of Technology, Karaghpur in 1965, and Ph. D. from University of Wales in 1971. He is presently working on a project called Human Values in the Engineering Profession. G. P.Rao is senior professor and head of the Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India. He has an M. A. in economics and postgraduate Diploma in Management 12 (PGDM) from Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta (IIMC). He has recently finalized a project called Human Values in Industrial Organizations A Feminine Perspective. . 13 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) P. O. Box 30030, Nairobi, KENYA www. unhabitat. org www. unwac. org Tel +254-20-623060 Fax +254-20-623588 Global Dharma Center (GDC) Dallas, Texas 75240 USA www. globaldharma. org Tel/Fax +1-646-514-8260 14

Critical Analysis of Kant’s Moral Philosophy Essay

The most essential motive of clean-living philosophy in Kants view is to sample out the introductory principle of metaphysics of honorables. Kant explains this see through the first devil chapters of the Groundwork. He advances by analyzing and explicating commonsense thoughts almost object lessonity. The purpose is to come up with a clear-cut statement of the opinion on which all of our regular moral judgements are based. The judgement in a question is supposed to be grateful by any normal human being. In recent times, Kant is regarded as an overly optimistic with regards to the depth and reach of moral agreement.See much how to publish a critical analysis essay step by stepBut he is unspoiled in drawing moral views which is extensively overlap and which contains general judgements that are profound. He does not appear as someone who populates the works of moral philosophers or someone who needs a reason to meet morally or someone whose reactions exact moral motive bec ause of some rationale. For instance, in the third and final chapter of the Groundwork, Kant takes up his second elementary endeavour, to establish this foundational moral principle as a demand of each somebodys own rational will, his conclusion falls short of answering those who want a proof that we really are bound by moral requirements.He bases this second project on the point that we possess self-sufficiency. The argument of this project does not propagate a metaphysical fact about our wills. This has led some readers to a conclusion that he is trying to validate moral requirements by beguiling to a fact that even a moral disbeliever would have to identify. The most justifiable points of his dispute to establish the basic belief of morality continue on an assertion that will not stir a true disbeliever, that the self-sufficiency of our wills is a supposition of any realistic point of view.Moral requirements project themselves as being consummately essential. But an a posterio ri method seems unsuitable in establishing what we must do it only tells us what we actually do. So an a posteriori method of seeking out the belief that generates such requirements will not carry the appearance of moral oughts as necessities. Kant argued that experimental observations could only convey conclusions about the comparative benefits of moral actions in various situations. Such researched would not support the absolute necessity of moral requirements. It would view them as demands for which conformity is not necessary.Thus, Kant argued that if moral philosophy is to protect against deterioration of the necessity of obligation in defence of moral thought, it must be carried out entirely a priori. Although these are the two fundamental aims of moral philosophy, they are not, the only aims. Moral philosophy addresses the question, What ought I to do? and an answer to that question requires much more than delivering the basic belief of morality. A satisfying answer to the q uestion of what one should do would have to take into account any political and religious requirements.Moral philosophy should emphasize on the ultimate end of human endeavour, the Highest Good, and its connection to the moral life. In the Critique of Practical Reason, Kant argued that this Highest Good for Humanity is complete moral sexual abstention together with complete joy. Unfortunately, Kant noted, virtue does not assure well being and may even conflict with it. Further, in that location is no real possibility of moral excellence in this life and only few of us are lucky enough to experience the happiness. There are certain aims for which some methods need to be employed. These methods of moral philosophy are questioned time and again by Kant.One a fundamental principle is sought, and then the facts drawn from experiences and the conclusions can be considered to determine how scoop these methods can be applied. The Groundwork appeals repeatedly for pragmatic facts based on practical principles. Kant analyses the commonsense ideas and he says that the only good things any qualification is a good will. The good will is not an unremarkable notion and Kant says that the idea of a good will is closer to that of a good person or a person of good will. This idea of good will is a vital touchstone that Kant keeps revisiting throughout his work.The basic idea is that what makes a person good. It is his possession of a good will that determines the goodness, or the way he makes decisions on the basis of moral law, and how he holds that decision morally pickings into considerations all the moral aspects. This sort of temperament is something that is highly valued. Kant believes that we value it without restraint or any qualification. By this Kant believes that there are two things that matter. First, that unlike anything else, there is no possible circumstance in which we regard our own moral goodness as value giving up simply in entrap to obtain some desira ble object.There is no hidden limitation to the outcome that a purpose to give moral considerations decisive weight is worth honouring, but only under certain circumstances. Second, maintaining ones moral integrity is the most important condition under which anything else is worth accessing. Intelligence and diversion are worth having only if they do not require giving up ones fundamental moral convictions. The value of a good will cannot secure certain valuable ends. Kant points out that a good will must be good in itself and not in virtue of its relationship to other things.In Kants terms, a good wills decisions are entirely determined by moral demands. Kant has called this as a Moral Law. Human beings view this law as a constraint on their desires. A will in which the Moral Law is crucial is motivated by the thought of duty. It is the existence of desires that makes goodness in human beings a constraint, independent of prevalence of morals. This is an indispensable element of t he idea of duty. So in analyzing unqualified goodness we are investigating the idea of being motivated by the thought that we are constrained to act in certain ways that we might not want to.Kant asserts this by contrasting motivation by duty with other motives, such as motives of self-interest, self-preservation, sympathy and happiness. He argues that a submissive action from any of these motives, does not express a good will. Assuming an action has moral worth only if it expresses a good will, such actions have no genuine moral worth. The conventionality of ones action to duty in such cases is only related by calamity to content of ones will. Kants views in this regard have understandably been the subject of much controversy.According to Kant, what is remarkable about inspiration by duty is that it consists of respectfulness for lawfulness. What logically comes to mind is that duties are created by rules or laws. City and state laws establish the duties of citizens. Thus, if w e do something because it is our civic duty, our motivation is respect for the enrol that makes it our duty. Thinking we are duty bound is respecting certain laws pertaining to us. The difference between being motivated by a sense of duty in the ordinary sense, and being motivated by duty, in Kants sense is, that motivation by duty is motivation by our respect for whatever law it is.Our respect for the laws guiding us is qualified, in the sense that the law gives us a duty is compelling only if there is no law we respect more that conflicts with it. The missing line of argument reveals a characteristic of Kants approach, his account of the content of moral requirements and the nature of moral analysis. It says that it is based on the unique multitude moral considerations that have reasons to act. Since they retain their reason-giving force under any situation, they have universal authority. So, whatever else may be said of moral requirements, their substance is universal. that a u niversal law could be the content of a requirement that has the reason-giving force of morality. This brings Kant to a introductory formulation, I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law. This is the principle which motivates a good will, and which Kant holds to be the fundamental principle of all of morality. Works Cited http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/kant-moral/ http//www. press. uchicago. edu/presssite/metadata. epl? mode=synopsis&bookkey=41315

Dry Leaves as Sand Substitute for Blocks

Caraga State University Cabadbaran Campus Cabadbaran City Dry Leaves as Sand Substitute for Blocks Submitted by dime bag Rose Diola Jerzeld Villalon Lyka Lou Arogancia Natasha Anne Payot Adviser Prof. Nathalie Daminar Chapter 1 The Problem Background of the Study A leaf is a side(prenominal) photosynthetic appendage of the stem of a plant, commsolely broad, flat, thin and of a green color. Leaves (plural) ar the aliment factories of plants, the sites where most of the plants energy is produced 1. There are leaves that provide a protective helping when a plant is under attack.Leaves may also serve as a storage sites or help obtain food for a plant 2. For plants, as defense, leaves protect them from enemies such as animals, diseases, and environmental extremes through specific defense mechanism 3. The most important contributions leaves make to our planets ecosystem are through their processing of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen, though a waste product of photosynthesis is essent ial to plant, animal, and humans survival. As leaves break down carbon dioxide and release oxygen, they also help determine global clime patterns 4.On the other side, a block is a molded rectangular brick of clay or sand enwrap in a molder and hardened for long hours and used as a building and coat material. Bricks were often used for reasons of speed and economy 5. The researchers aimed to make ironic leaves into use not only by preserving it and use as decorations but by make it as one of the main component for concrete blocks. Also, to aloneow the RA 9003 or k right offn as Ecological Solid Waste Management be for implement. Objectives of the StudyThis find out primarily aims to make wry leaves as one of the main component in making concrete blocks to change magnitude dry leaves in the surroundings since some of us burned dry leaves which cut out our ecosystem by creating harmful gases through smoke. Since the depletion of the ozone layer is coming to its worst, the researchers find some way to control this bother and to have temporary solution that will lead to a permanent solution on how to lessen dry leaves without burning it or by causation some harm both to the planet and to the people.And to support the waste management campaign in the country. Signifi pottyce of the Study This study which aimed to find out if the dry leaves can be one of the main components in making blocks is significant to different sectors for various reasons * Serves as an eye-opener for those who have problems regarding on how to reduce dry leaves in their community/area. * Provides durable and economical product. * Helps in unconditional ecological waste. * Provide information to citizens with respect of continuous burning of dry leaves that destroys the planet or ca victimisation global warming. * Serve s motivating factor for home owners, construction workers and construction materials manufacturers to streng then their capabilities for growth blocks and othe r processes to maximize the use of dry leaves in the society. Furthermore, the outcome of the study will provide experimental information to policy makers in Ecological Solid Waste Management (RA 9003). Dry leaves are commonly burned down elsewhere and eventually produce hazardous gases in the air. Conducting this experiment does not only support RA 9003 but it also opens an avenue to develop technology in bricks in the community.Likewise, this provides all people an opportunity to enjoy living in a clear, clean and hazard-free environment. Scope and Limitation Creating dry leaves as one of the component for concrete blocks is the main concern of this research. This study is limited only in using dry leaves, cement, water and a little use of low-down stones and if the study is a success, it can be use in constructing buildings. Review of the Related Literature The oldest discovered blocks, originally made from shaped mud and dating to before 7500 B.C and were found atTell Aswad, Egypt. The first sun-dry blocks were made in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq), in the ancient city ofUrin about 4000BC, although the arch used for drying the blocks was not actually found. different examples of civilizations that used mud brick include theancient Egyptiansand the Indus6. In Europe, blocks were often used for reasons of speed and economy, even in areas where stone was available. The buildings of the Industrial Revolution in Britain were largely constructed of block and timber due to the demand created 7.Inpre-modern China, brick-making or block-making was the job of a lowly and unskilled artisan, but a kiln master was respected as a step above the former 8. Bricks of concrete with sand aggregate can be made using a simple machine, and a basic assembly line method. A conveyor belt adds the miscellany to a machine, which pours a measured amount of concrete into a form. The form is vibrated to remove bubbles. The form is then raised to reveal the wet bricks, spaced out on a plywood sheet. A small elevator then stacks these palettes, after which a forklift operator moves them to the brickyard for drying.Definition of Terms carbon dioxide- a colorless, odorless incombustible gas somewhat heavier than air. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are absorbed by plants, which synthesize certain carbohydrates and release oxygen into the air. oxygen- odorless, colorless, tasteless, gaseous chemical element that occurs free in the atmosphere. photosynthesis- the employment of organic substances, chiefly sugars, from carbon dioxide and water occurring in green plant cells supplied with enough light to pass on chlorophyll to aid in the transformation of the radiant energy into a chemical form. zone layer- an atmospheric layer within the atmosphere absorbing ultraviolet radiation and preventing some heat loss from the earth. climate change- is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weatherpatterns over periods ranging f rom decades to millions of years. kiln- a furnace or oven for drying, burning or baking something as bricks, grain or pottery. Chapter 2 look for methodology Research Design The researchers will use experimental method wherein the study focuses on the acceptability of the express topic.Several data were gathered before coming up with a procedure. Research Instruments Materials used in the study * Brick molder * Cement * Dry Leaves * Water * Shovel Procedure 1. Pulverize the gathered dry leaves. 2. cockle the pulverized dry leaves, 3 cups cement and 2 cups water. 3. Using a shovel mix soundly then put in a block molder. 4. Shape mixed substance. 5. Wait for the block to dry. Research Locale The study was conducted at one of the researchers home in Brgy. 12, Cabadbaran City. The place is lie with with materials that are use in the study.

Legalization of Marijuana for Recreational Use

Hewlett-Packard Legalization of hemp for volunteer(a) Use Introduction to Ethics Theory and Application HP Assignment 4 Nichole Hysel Legalization of marijuana for Recreational Use On a cold January afternoon in a small community, a police ships policeman is called to a residence for suspected domestic issue. As he arrives, he give the axe hear shouting coming from the ho delectation. He knocks on the door and a boy of about v years old, who is dressed in nonhing but shorts, comes to the door. He stands with the door open, a slice of scratch in his dirty hand, smiling at the officer. He has seen the officer at the home a hardly a(prenominal) times in the past.The child has also been over to the officers ho manipulation to play with his children. The officers wife and the boys mother work together at the local foodstuff store and the boys father looks after him while his mother is at work. After the officer talks to the p atomic number 18nts about their issues, which al e lbow rooms seem to be basic domestic issues, he heads for the door. The boy follows him, hugs his leg, looks up and stimulates, Can I come with you? The officer responds, Sorry buddy, not today. Two weeks later, on a acrimony cold afternoon, the mother comes home from work to discover the child is g single.The same police officer searches along with the majority of the community. The boy is found an hour later on a rural country road. He is taken to the emergency room and treated for hypothermia. He is then taken in by child Protective Services. The father is charged with possession of ganja, his 2nd offense, along with intent to deliver. The mother has had enough and has turned the father in for growing a few plants in the basement and selling it to his buddies. After 7 days, the child is returned to his mother. He had been infra the c atomic number 18 of the police officer and his wife. cannabis is the most widely used, outlaw(prenominal) do medicates in the world. It i s estimated that 119 million to 224 million people used arsenabis in 2011, reports, Glenn D. Braunstein, M. D. and Vice President of clinical innovation at Cedars Sinai Hospital. Marijuana is considered a depressant, stimulant and hallucinogen. It has recently been legalized, as a recreational medicine in two out of 50 states, Colorado and Washington. In these states, those who are 21 and older passel possess up to an ounce of marihuana, it leave behind be sold and taxed in state-licensed stores, much the same way intoxicant is sold.In the state of Colorado, cultivation of up to six marihuana plants per individual is allowed. Both states prohibit world use. Is it righteously accept fit for hemp to be legalized as a recreational drug? After exploring my protest experiences, the possible pros and cons of legalisation, and the social contract, utilitarian, and the righteous philosophy of care theories, I do not think it is morally acceptable. My face-to-face opinion about the legitimation of cannabis is that it should not be legal. While I have seen both(prenominal) negative and positive effectuate of marijuana use, it has affected me and my family in a negative way.I am certified that it can be used recreationally and have no affects. I also k straightaway that it can be addictive and have negative effects, both physically and mentally, when used on a regular basis. It is my own(prenominal) opinion that the negative effects associated with marijuana out moot the positives. I believe that if something has the potential to do vilify to those who chose not to partake, it shouldnt be legalized. I dont believe that we should take the stand that be begin it is little harmful than alcoholic drink, it should be legal.I believe that marijuana is dangerous, oddly to todays juvenility who use marijuana without considering the consequences. It is my maintenance that legalization could send the message to callowness that it is acceptable to use ma rijuana as a header mechanism. I do not insufficiency my children to be tempted to use a drug as a crutch, to relax or temporarily solve their problems. There are several reasonable arguments for legalization of marijuana. They are establish on the idea that attempting to control its use causes more problems than it solves. The argument seems to be, that it isnt pass away so we may as well benefit from it.It is projected that by legalizing marijuana we could overcome the strain on our jurist system, drastically cutting crime and possibly eliminating drug trafficking of marijuana. The production and gross revenue of marijuana, by the government would save lives, create jobs and generate money that could be used for social progression, education, and healthcare which would in turn better the lives of everyone in social club. Laws against use for those under 21 will prevent youth from obtaining the drug. I feel that benefitting from allthing that is already illegal and proven t o be a problem is immoral.Since we cannot guarantee that hunting lodge will benefit from legalizing marijuana, it should not be legal. Age restrictions do not prevent youth from obtaining alcohol therefor I do not believe age restrictions on pot will warn them either. It is important that we use what we know about alcohol abuse as a whole, rather than use it as an excuse, due to the fact that it is perceived as more harmful, to legalize marijuana. Other arguments for legalization are based on free will and respect for autonomy. The belief is that, we all have the right to marque choices for ourselves, development our own lucid thought.If we are the only person who knows our needs, we can be the only person that can resolve what is best for us. Marijuana users take the stand that, If we are in our own homes, development marijuana, who are we harming? I respect an individuals right to choose as rational beings, unfortunately, not everyone is rational. Laws are put in present to protect us and benefit us as a decree. Children suffer when bring ups use drugs in their presence. When children are under the care of a parent who is under the act of a drug, their safety is sometimes being compromised.A few examples could be, a parent choosing to use money to obtain marijuana instead of food or clothing, an inability to drive in an emergency situation and want of focus and reasoning. I am not saying that pot use automatically makes a parent neglectful. I know several daily users who seem to be acceptable parents, even while under the influence. Yet I ask myself, could they be better parents? When a parent uses marijuana or any drug, legal or not, in the presence of their children, it sends the message that it is ok. Legalizing the drug will cause more parents to use in front of their children.I believe this will cause more children to use. Arguments against the legalization of marijuana tend to weigh heavily on the slippery slope argument, that any softeni ng of the laws as they pertain to drugs will cause a Brobdingnagianger problem. It is anticipated by The Office of National Drug Control Policy that legalizing marijuana will amplification use of the drug and, consequently, the harm it causes, thus adding to the burden on the criminal justice system. They also report that legalizing the drug will make it less expensive and more attainable to youth.Because it is illegal in most countries, we have far less clinical evidence about pots effects than more other drugs. The only authorized source of marijuana research comes from the University of Mississippi and is controlled by the National Institute of Drug Abuse, they report that use of marijuana impairs memory in regular users, especially in youth. It impairs driving, inhibits productivity, causes depression, and can be addictive. It is also thought that those predisposed to addiction, will have an easier time obtaining and using the drug as a possible gateway drug.These are problem s we face while it is not legal, if legalization will increase usage, these will become a more widespread problem. Utilitarianism states that we ought to choose the action which is the one that maximizes the overall good of the greatest number of individuals. The problem of drug use, from the utilitarian perspective, rests on the consequences of using the drug and whether or not it will benefit the majority of the population, now and in the future. In order for us to say that it is morally bad, we need to prove that the consequences in legalizing marijuana will be bad.The problem is, we cannot definitively say what the consequences will be. But, we can use what we produce from other areas that have or are in the work on of regulating pot for recreational use. Studies done by the Drug Free America Foundation, report that based on experiences where marijuana has been legalized, the number of marijuana users tend to double or triple. This could mean an additional 17 to 34 million you ng and adult users in the United States. Recently, Here and Now, a talk present on local public radio in Colorado, had guest Dr. Christian Thurston, medical director for an adolescence subject matter abuse treatment program in Denver.He stated, Young patients seeking addiction treatment for marijuana ascertain me that pot helps them with their anger, ADHD and that it helps them to sleep. Thurston also said, While marijuana can have medicinal value for adults, it can be very harmful to teens. He also states that, Weve seen, starting in the late 1980s, that adolescents exposed to marijuana have about a two to four-fold increase of developing psychosis. We have good evidence now that adolescence exposure to marijuana affects intelligence, cognition, learning and memory. Jann Gumbiner, Ph. D. licensed psychologist at the University of California, Irvine College of Medicine, who specializes in adolescent and child psychology reports, nigh 10% of users will develop problems that im pair their work and relationships. Many more will come to look on pot for relaxation and social purposes. This will be problematic if they dont learn more effective coping mechanisms and come to rely on marijuana instead of solving their problems. It is my fear that legalization could send the message to youth that it is acceptable to use marijuana as a coping mechanism.Since we know teens are likely to suffer long term affects, and that legalization will cause more teens to use the drug, we are likely to see serious negative effects that could greatly impact society in the future. Social Contract theory also plays a big role in legalization of marijuana. Social Contract theory is based on the set of rules governing behavior that all rational people accept, on the condition that others accept the rules as well. What the majority of society feels and believes plays a very big role in our lawmaking process. Lawmakers tend to go with what their constituents want, in order to get vote s.In the past society has placed a negative stigma on marijuana use, making it hard for those rallying for legalization to be heard. Recent statistics show societys view on marijuana is changing. A put out Poll recently found that 50% of Americans think marijuana should be legal for adult use. This role is up by 4% from the previous year. This is in large part due to the fact that our jr. contemporaries is more supportive, while opposition generally comes from the older generation. It makes sense that as the older generation leaves, the younger generations opinion will be the majority.As popular opinion changes, it makes sense that we will be likely to see more states attempt to legalize marijuana. It is troublesome to me that information about marijuana is usually either directly for or against the drug. Internet articles are almost always directly for or against legalization. It is very hard to get unbiased facts. It is my concern that people, especially impressionable youth, a rent getting the facts and are using how they feel as a basis for their opinion on marijuana. These youth, will soon decide what laws will govern society. The minimum conception of morality says we ought to at he very least, do what are the best reasons for doing while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual affected by our decision. I do not believe we should make something that is illegal, legal based on the idea that we might be able to control it even possibly benefit from it. We cannot say what the consequences will be. This is the major defect of the utilitarian theory of ethics. It does not take in to consideration that often times we cannot project the outcome of moral decisions. We cannot guarantee that the majority of society will benefit from legalization of recreational marijuana.There are too many questions involved. Could it make dealers even more competitive? Are there unforeseen costs that will take away from the suspected benefits? Will current deale rs stop growing and selling? What will the effect on society be, given that legalization will most likely cause usage to greatly increase? If we dont know the answers to such serious issues, we shouldnt act. It is important that we use past experiences as examples. It is proven that history can be a valuable tool when attempting to predict an outcome of a hypothetical act.It is my hope that we learn what is best, by using what we learn from the areas that have legalized pot. I am awake that my personal perspective has a lot to do with having children and my sense to protect them from all things negative, taking the ethics of care position. Carol Gilligan, internationally acclaimed writer, psychologist, American feminist and ethicist, believes a womans basic moral orientation is one of caring, in a personal way, not just being concerned for humanity, in general. She believes that an ethic of caring for those close to you should not be inferior to that of an ethic of principle.I tend to agree if we want for everyone, what we want for those we love and care for wont the world be a better place? In summary I believe, based on what we do not know about the effects of legalizing marijuana, we should not legalize it. To say the problem isnt going way so we may as well legalize it and benefit, is irresponsible. There is a trend showing increased usage with legalization. We arent able to predict the affect that increased usage will have on society. If we are to use alcohol as a guide at all, it should be as an example of what legalizing harmful substances can do to society.It is anticipated that legalizing marijuana will entice youth even more, causing future issues. While marijuana use will always be a problem in youth, I believe educating youth with factual information about marijuana will help them make better choices and allow us to have laws that will most benefit society in the future. As Walt Disney quoted, Our greatest natural election is the minds of our chi ldren. Work Sited 187,000 Lb. of Marijuana Annually? Legal Pot Business to Bloom in Washington. Business gold 187000 Lb of Marijuana Annually Legal Pot Business to Bloom in Washington Comments.N. p. , 08 Jan. 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Braunstein, M. D. , Glenn D. Weeding Through Marijuana Facts and Fiction. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 01 Feb. 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Legalizing of Marijuana Raises Health Concerns. Well Legalizing of Marijuana Raises Health Concerns Comments. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Marijuana An Unbiased Analysis. Marijuana An Unbiased Analysis. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Medical Marijuana The Governments View. National Drug Prevention hamper & PPP USA. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Principles and Theories. Principles and Theories. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Rachels, James, James Rachels, and Stuart Rachels. The Elements of Moral Philosophy 7th Revised Edition. London Mcgraw mound Higher Education, 2012. Print. Swanson, Emi ly. Marijuana Legalization Poll Finds Americans Want Federal Government To Leave States Alone. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 07 Dec. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Turner, Dan. Marijuana Legalization States Send Message, Feds Arent Listening. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 13 Nov. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. The White House. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013.