Saturday, August 31, 2019
Nestle vs Dutchlady Essay
Nestle already exist in Malaysia market, now we would like to make an analysis about the Nestle product in Taman Koperasi Cuepacs ,Kajang Selangor, whether customer are satisfaction with Nestle product or customer prefer with other brand like Dutch Lady. From that, Nestle can make some improvement for their product line to expand their business strategy and fulfill the customer’s satisfaction. 1. OBJECTIVE: 1. To know how well known of Nestle product in Kajang Selangor. 2. To know why people choose Nestle product to compare it with Dutch lady Product 3. Chefs were asked to discuss their requirements. The results showed that consumers were saying ‘fresh is best’. However, the chefs’ view was slightly different in terms of: ‘My customers would like everything to be made from scratch (i. e. made from basic raw ingredients), but I don’t have the time and money to do this’. The research revealed that the market was divided into a number of segments. A segment is a part of an overall market made up of customers with similar characteristics. Chefs fitted into four main segments: The research showed a sizeable demand for Segment 3 – a target for Maggie ‘A Natural Choice’ products. Brand proposition – the research defined a proposition for developing the new brand. This new proposition was to create a product with more natural qualities for ‘chefs who aim to please’ who want their cooking to be as fresh tasting as possible. Natural qualities would be defined in terms of taste, smell, look and texture. Target market– Maggie ‘A Natural Choice’ target was to be ‘chefs who aim to please’. Their prime aim is to provide delicious, wholesome foods that customers enjoy. These chefs enjoy their work and have a pride in the satisfaction they give customers. They are not in business just to make money. Brand ambition – Maggi ‘A Natural Choice’ combines the goodness and taste of real ingredients with time and cost saving. http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/nestle/nutrition-health-wellness-new-product-development-at-nestle/market-research. html#ixzz1rRQlFtbi From the literature review above, previous research about the satisfaction about nestle’ brand which is Maggie. From this research, Maggie is a famous food for a long time ago, but now, people in UK said, the product had come to be seen as uninteresting and old fashioned due to its dehydrated format and flavor. From that, we can know, is that, customer are satisfied with the Nestle’ brand or not, if customer are no satisfied with the Nestle’ brand, Nestle need to make some improvement to their product in term of flavor or packaging. In this research, the researcher shows that, there have 4 segments, which is, a target for Maggie, Brand proposition, Target market and, Brand ambition. Questionnaire is a document that is used to guide what questions are to be asked respondents and in what order, sometimes lists the alternative responses that are acceptable. In addition , list of a research or survey questions asked to respondents, and designed to extract specific information. It serves four basic purposes to collect the appropriate data, make data comparable and amenable to analysis, minimize bias in formulating and asking question, and to make questions engaging and varied. This is the right way to ask people outside to answer the questionnaire to be given to the respondents. The advantages of questionnaire * Cost effective Questionnaires are cost effective compared the research methods using interviews or data mining. The questionnaire could be distributed to a larger population over a shorter period of time. This is especially true for sample populations that cover a large geographic area. The questionnaires can be mailed or delivered electronically. Personal interviews take time and mistakes can be made during the analysis of the data due to individual interpretation. Questionnaires can be sent back anonymously and this will allow more respondents to reply.
Christ in His Suffering and Death
The death of Christ on the cross gives the meaning to all the undertakings of God. In His sacrificial death Christ revealed the holiness, righteousness and love of God, and His infinite wisdom. Disputing the actual death of Christ and His resurrection is destructive for Christian faith. Many biblical passages predict the death of Christ and state or assume His actual death. Definition of Terms Atonement      Guilt               Penalty          Reconciliation    Righteousness      Substitution Expiation         Justice            Propitiation    Redemption       Sanctification Forgiveness     Justification    Ransom          Remission         Satisfaction Theories of the Atonement There are principal theories of atonement, which arise from the disputes around the meaning of the death of Christ. 1.     Substitutional Atonement. 2.     Payment-to-Satan Theory. 3.     Recapitulation Theory. 4.     Commercial or Satisfaction Theory. 5.      Moral Influence Theory. 6.      Theory of Thomas Aquinas. 7.     Theory of Duns Scotus. 8.      Example Theory. 9.     Mystical Experience Theory. 10. Governmental Theory of Grotius. 11. Theory of Vicarious Confession. Although the upper theories have some aspects that can be recognized as having merit, the true concept of the death of Christ may be understood from the biblical passages that reveal the doctrines of redemption, reconciliation and propitiation, and the death of Christ thus is the substitutional or penal concept of the atonement. The doctrine of Redemption is an important aspect of the work of God in salvation accomplished by the death of Christ. The doctrine of redemption in Christ can be erected from the study of three words: agoraz?, lutro?, and peripoie?. Agoraz? (exagoraz?) is the basic word for redemption in the scripture and expresses the idea of purchasing Christians by Christ, and His death was the praise paid. Peripoie? means to save or to preserve one’s self, and lutro? has the meaning to rescue by paying a ransom. The study of redemption through Christ in the New Testament discloses clearly that the death of Christ was the praise He paid to God and thus purchased the sinner from the bondage of sin. The doctrine of Propitiation represents the idea that the death of Christ fully satisfied the demands of a righteous God in respect to judgment upon the sinner. The word is mentioned in both Testaments. Propitiation had a substitutional character and three important results. The doctrine of Reconciliation as one of the most important in theology is being discussed wildly and has four basic interpretations. Several biblical passages reveal that reconciliation effects the change in man which reconciles him to God: II Corinthians 5:17-21, Romans 5:6-11, Ephesians 2:16, Colossians 1:20-22. Reconciliation is provided to all men, but applied only to the elect when they believe. Those who reject the love and grace in Christ are still judged according to their work. Reconciliation is applied to the whole Universe. The work of reconciliation extends to the work of God on the behalf of the believer. Christ in His Resurrection The doctrine is essential for the whole Christian faith and theology. The resurrection of Christ is the first step in the series of the exaltation of Christ and His ministry as our Intercessor. Evidences for the resurrection of Christ are abundant. The Scriptures fully describe the appearances of Christ after resurrection to many people under different circumstances; therefore resurrection is a well-documented historical event. Between the evidences for the resurrection of Christ are the following. 1.     The empty tomb. 2.     The character of the human witnesses to the resurrection. 3.     The dramatic change in the disciples after the resurrection. 4.     The disciple’s experience of the divine power in the postresurrection period. 5.     The events of the day of Pentecost. 6.     The evidence in the custom of observing the first day of the week. The Origin of Christian Church The foundation of the Christian church in the first century, its convincing power and dynamic stemmed from the belief in the resurrection of Christ. The Scriptures evidences the resurrection of the body of Christ, not only His resurrection in spiritual sense. His resurrection body was the same, though changed a little, that the one in the tomb and Scriptures evidence this fact. Who Raised Christ from Dead? The resurrection of Christ is the work of triune God. The significance of the resurrection of Christ is underestimated in all branches of systematic theology. The major facets of the significance of the resurrection of Christ are: 1.     Proof of His person and His offices (Prophet, Priest, and King). 2.     Key to all of His present work. 3.     Consummation of the divine plan in the prophetic future. 1. The article â€Å"The nature of the atonement: how should one view the cross?†by Steve Sullivan emphasises the importance of understanding the doctrine of atonement and pays particular attention to the Payment-to-Satan and Recapitulation theories of atonement. According to classical views presented by Walvoord in â€Å"Jesus†, Payment-to-Satan theory is one of the earliest in the church and it is not held in modern times. This theory implies that Christ was paid to Satan as the ransom for sinner. Recapitulation Theory is based on the idea that Christ recapitulates all the phases of human life including being made sin in His death on the cross. Sullivan combines these theories, presents the short historical intercourse into each, and then upholds the point of view that merging some of these views one can capture the Word of Faith Movement (WFM) leaders’ view of Christ’s death. The WFM teachers assert that ‘Jesus took upon himself a satanic nature, died physically on the cross, suffered spiritual death in hell for us, and then was reborn (or born again) in hell and rose from the grave’. Therefore, when the believer is born again he becomes like Christ. Even from the short overview of the WFM ideas about one of the existing doctrines we can see how deep the interpretations of Bible can differ. I would recommend this article as it presents the view on the death and atonement of Christ and lets the reader to compare traditional catholic teaching with one of modern Christian branch’s views. This article is a good source for critical thinking evaluating. 2. The article â€Å"The Reality of Resurrection†by Darrell Young is focused on historical proofs of Christ resurrection. The resurrection of Christ is recognized equitable to be the most powerful event in all history. Further, the author cites numerous passages from the New and Old Testament concerning the prophecy of resurrection, its vital importance for the Christian faith, and its significance in the context of the Second Coming. I would recommend this article as a rich source of historical approach to resurrection and to some questions related to the doctrine of resurrection, such as resurrection of believers during the Second Coming, the resurrected bodies of believers, the time of resurrection and others. The Bibliography Sullivan, Steve. The Nature of the Atonement: How should One View the Cross? – Part–I [on-line]. Ankerberg Theological Research Institute; available from http://www.ankerberg.com/Articles/_PDFArchives/theological-dictionary/TD1W0600.pdf; Internet; accessed 9 November 2005     Â
Friday, August 30, 2019
Compare a product(beer) in two different brand Essay
Introduction In order to understand the purpose and significance of the integrated communication process, it is useful to compare to brand within the same product category. This report seeks to provide an understanding of the effectiveness on campaign strategies. In doing so, a critique of the contrasting creative strategy and communication objectives will be attained. An insight on target market and market partitioning approach comes into the scope of this report. Product Category The product category chosen is food/drink product, especially on beer product. The following two brands are both from foreign market, with high reputation in Asian and Europe respectively. Our Tiger Beer campaign was â€Å"Discover the tiger†sourced from The Face (February 2003) (See Appendix A). The competing brand for comparison will be the â€Å"Reassuringly Expensive†campaign from Stella Artois done by BBDO, which was an award-winning ad on several advertising ceremony. (See Appendix B) Communication Objectives Since Tiger Beer is unfamiliar to Western market, the objective here mainly focuses on brand awareness to the target customer. Encouraging consumers who have never try our brand to try it by using a creative headline. In this sense, our brand is informing target customers the existence of our brand, try to penetrate into the Western market. We aimed to change the target market’s image of Asian brand and move consumers through to purchase. In fact, Asian beer brand are rarely advertised on Western countries magazines, Tiger Beer wish to differentiate itself from other foreign competitors through the message â€Å"Discover the tiger†. Which achieve a high awareness by leaving a question mark to most of the reader. The communication objectives for Stella Artois include brand attitude and brand recognition. As this beer has been on the market for a long time, advertising has moved from brand awareness to brand recognition, it wants consumers to associate the brand with their lifestyle. Stella Artois’s objective is to ensure its premium beer position in the market by matching the good quality beer with â€Å"well quality people†. Since they well understand their target market’s need, the campaign theme is to form a positive attitude towards the brand. As you can see in the ad, the communication message is aim directly to a specific group and the idea is outstanding amount competitors. In more situation, potential buyers become aware of more than one brand in a given product category (Rossiter 1997). Therefore, Stella Artois has used an effective visual message on this campaign to evoke viewers ’emotion and increase the percentage of consumers in the target market who associate specific features or lifestyle with their brand. Target market Based on the communication objective, it is clear that two advertisements have distinctly different target markets. From the Tiger Beer advertisement, we can infer that the target market is comprised of young male between the ages of 18-25, due to the fact that the advertisement was advertised in The Face. This magazine has a readership comprised predominantly of young male between this age group. This group of people may have already heard of Tiger Beer, and are looking for more confirmation from reference group. They are likely to try new thing, social connections and quality of the beer are important factors in the decision-making process. In a certain extent, this group is favourable brand switchers. Their awareness may change over time and causes less-frequent purchase of our brand, unless we can provide a moderately favourable attitude towards the brand (Rossiter 1997). While Stella Artois was aimed at brand recognition, they have an established customer basis, which can be described as brand loyal (Rossiter 1997). They have strong favourable attitude toward our brand, they look forward to purchasing a premium lager, which delivers quality and satisfaction. Stella Artois is simply about quality, not price; drinkers will pay a premium price for Stella Artois due to its commitment to quality. Certainly, Stella Artois is affordable to them as they are in middle or high-income group. From the above, the following table summarises and contrasts the target markets characteristics. Tiger Beer Stella Artois Age 18-25 25 or above Social status Middle income classAsian backgrounds Higher incomeHigher education level Purchase behaviour Brand switching Brand loyalty Lifestyle Young irreverentSocial activities Quality lifestyleStyle society Factors influenceDecision-making Reference groupFinancial statusCulture/social class SituationEmotionPast decision Market Positioning It is obvious that both company have differentiated their brands from others in the minds of the target market. It would be significant, as a link needs to be established between the brand benefits and the target consumer to create a positive brand image in relation to competing brands. Both of the ads have positioning strategies that focus on the consumer rather than the competitor. Ø Repositioning Tiger Beer adopts this strategy due to the recent acceptance by Western countries and targeting it to a new market segment. Since they have previously built up a good reputation in Asian countries with value, quality and taste. Tiger Beer has chosen to direct it’s advertising to younger who prefer adventure. Moreover, it was positioned itself as a mystery Asian flavour instead of sportive and excitement image with their sport sponsorship campaign. (Belch & Belch 2001) Ø Positioning by product attributes and image Stella Artois is positioned on the basis of particular characteristics that differentiate it from its competitors. The slogan â€Å"Reassuringly Expensive†has been used since the 80’s. The key benefit stressed here is the quality, prestige image and value, which is the basic category need for a premium beer. Such elements are usually started at the top of the partitions; Stella Artois was well planned for it’s customers to evaluate these elements in their decision-making process. Creative Strategies & Tactics This involves several elements to bring out the central message for the advertiser to achieve their desire outcome. The stronger the idea, the more effective the ad can communicate to consumers. As both of the companies have adjusted the communication objective to fit for target market, we can see that both companies have effective use their budget to shift away from traditional beer advertising. Ø Advertising Appeals Both of the ads are using an emotional appear as a basis. For the Tiger Beer, we see an Asian woman in the centre of the picture. The woman looks straight at the reader of the ad and holding a small kerosene lamp, burning. Next to her is a rickshaw with a bottle of Tiger Beer in the seat. The street was extremely dark and silent with some Chinese glim at the end of the street. The advertisement tries to attract the reader with the notion of the mystical and strange. (See appendix A) Stella Artois uses a remainder advertising approach on their latest campaign. The campaign background is luxurious, elegant furniture such as a designer chair or a piano, which is being damaged with an opened cap putting on it. The ad appears to be simple but hard to understand, unless viewers of the ad have some ideas on the brand. For the target market point of view, it was highly associated with the Stella Artois brand image. And leave a strong curiosity to the viewer. (See appendix B) Ø Headlines and Visual elements The Tiger Beer using a question in Chinese at the top right hand corner to enhance the Asian feeling. The meaning of that heading is: â€Å"Do you have gut?†Which implies that Tiger Beer is an Asian mystery to western countries, try this beer if you are brave enough. It hopes to generate an answer of â€Å"Yes, I do, I will try the beer.†Secondly, there is a sub-heading at the bottom of the ad: â€Å"Discover the tiger†. So what is the connotation of this advertisement? Firstly, it tells the reader that when he or she drinks this beer, they will â€Å"discover the tiger†. There are several connotative meanings represented in it. It depends on the view the reader takes. For example, we can assume that the woman represents the tiger. She is the one to appear strong, to control the situation. The black hair and black lipstick and dark eyes give her a mystical and dangerous appearance. Moreover, the content of appeal are of sexual nature, which is effective in gauging the attention of its target market. Stella Artois continues to use the â€Å"Reassuringly Expensive†as sub-heading at the bottom of the ad. The wording is small as for the conclusion after reading the visual elements. Which encourage the target customer to believe that Stella Artois is a good quality beer, it is worthwhile to open up the bottle on the edge of the furniture immediately without looking for the bottle opener. This slogan can build up a resonance with the target audience and has adopted across all of its advertising to reinforce the perception that this is a premium beer. The overall picture was simple and clear, nothing else. It would be enough to convey a sense of premium quality. (Paul Messaris 1997) Ø Advertising Media Both advertisements were found in fashion magazines. As magazines have narrow exposure levels, niche magazine such as The Face and I-D have directly targeted to the intended audience. Generally, an effective communication campaign relies on budget. Tiger Beer has trade-off between reach and frequency. In this case, what Tiger Beer doing is reaching a few people a lot of times. Tiger Beer has used several advertising appeal and spent the same budget in only one media, such as magazine; therefore, a much smaller number of people will be exposed to the advertising, but they will be exposed very frequently. In contrast, Stella Artois scattering their budget across a number of different media. According to a research in UK, it allocates the largest slice of spent on TV commercial, followed by magazine and billboard. The reason is that Stella Artois use other communication channels such as magazine to make to campaign stronger and gives the overall communicate program a greater synergy. (AdNews 28/2) Bibliography 1. Rossiter, John & Larry Percy, Advertising, Communications & Promotions Management, 1997, McGraw-Hill. 2. George E. Belch & Micheal A. Belch, Advertising and Promotion, An Integrated Marketing Communication Perspective, 2001, Fifth edition, McGraw-Hill. 3. Paul Messaris, Visual Persuasion, The role of image in advertising. 1997, Sage Publications. 4. AdNews 28 February 2003 5. Asia Pacific Breweries LTD (Annual Report 2001) http://www.apb.com.sg/report/01-brews.html 6. Tiger Beer Corporation www.tigerbeer.com/main 7. Stella Artois Homepage www.stellaartois.co.uk
Thursday, August 29, 2019
The Production of Space by Lefebvre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
The Production of Space by Lefebvre - Essay Example Lefebvre (1994, quoted in notbored.org, n.d.) in his book The Production of Space gives an insightful and realistic expression of geography, â€Å"An existing space may outlive its original purpose and the raison d'etre which determines its forms, functions, and structures; it may thus in a sense become vacant, and susceptible of being diverted, reappropriated and put to a use quite different from its initial one.†According to Lefebvre, â€Å"space†is otherwise known as a society. Time is only measured by instruments such as clocks and is only paid attention to when we are at work and the society we created actually has no real sense of time. This quote best introduces the topic of this writing as we focus on how classic urban theory shapes the views of the nature of hyper stimulation, phantasmagoria, and alienation. We shall also discuss geographers' understanding of the modern city and the contradictions of modernity, which are characterized by a tendency to order, space, and time whilst, simultaneously, its ruination and fragmentation (Berman 1982). Continuing the modern post urban experience in shaping spaces and consumptions of modern geographies of the twentieth century is the course of geography. ... specifications to a geography of modernity in which "an organic community lives in an age where a multiplicity of international and domestic material transformations"(Mackinder 1904: 434). This transformation is so extreme that not only do we use architecture to embrace all forms of dreaming and fantasy, but we also can use our hairstyles and clothing to create the geography that we fantasize, making it into our own reality. Geographers are influenced by Lefebvre's understanding of the modern Page 3 city. He states that space and time are driven by the forces of production and by industry, proletarian and revolutionary rationality. Some geographers mimic His view of space, as quoted in Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space, "is actually experienced, in its depths, as duplications, echoes and reverberations, redundancies and doublings-up which engender -- and are engendered by -- the strangest of contrasts." While the internal divisions (the nine sharply-defined chapters) of The Society of the Spectacle -- reminiscent somehow of wide boulevards that ensure the smooth circulation of traffic -- make sure that the book's major themes do not interfere with each other, The Production of Space (to once again quote its author out of context) is "penetrated by, and shot through with, the weaker tendencies characteristic of networks and pathways." Unlike Debord, who uses the same paths to arrive at different points, Lefebvre arrives at the same points by using different paths". Berman (1982) states that the contradictions of modernity are characterised by a tendency to order space and time while simultaneously promoting their ruination and
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Federal reserve monetary policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Federal reserve monetary policy - Term Paper Example Money is a medium through which exchange takes place. Encyclopedia of Britannica defines function of money as a facilitator of the transaction between buyer and seller; however, money can be defined mainly in terms of three functions; as a medium of exchange, as a unit of account and as a store of value. (Functions of Money) If money had not been there all transactions would have to be done through barter system. That is a tedious process on day to day operations. Money also functions as a unit of account measuring the value of goods or services under exchange. Money holds some value at given time so it is a storehouse of value. It is not a best storehouse as it tends to depreciate overtime, if seen in the context of other assets such as land, gold, and silver. It is most liquid of all assets and its store value helps make us transaction. (Functions of Money) Central Bank Manages a Nation’s Monetary System The broad economic goals of monetary policy are full employment, sustai nable economic growth, and minimum inflation. The Federal Reserve achieves these goals by regulating and controlling the growth of money and availability of credit. It achieves its goals either by open market operations, altering lending rate or reserve ratio. (The Fed Today) A) Open Market Operations The Fed's tool for mitigating the effect of inflation and recession is through open market operations. The central bank sells and buys U.S. government securities in the open market; thus, influencing short-term interest rates and the growth of credit and money. When not enough money is available in the financial system causing economic slowdown called recession, the central bank buys securities. The funds used by the Fed in purchasing the securities will eventually arrive at local banks, which then will have more money to lend. This way more money will come into the financial system and create stabilizing effects. On the contrary, when the Fed realizes market is hot and too much money is in circulation or credit are available in the market causing inflation, the Fed will interfere and sell securities of banks. Thus extra money will be squeezed out of the system, reducing inflationary pressures and stabilizing the economy. (The Fed Today) Thus, final goal of monetary policy is a stable economy providing full employment and production, stable prices and steady growth. B) The Discount Rate The Discount rate is the intervening tool at the disposal with the Fed. It is the interest rate financial institutions charged by the Fed for short-term loans. Altering discount rate can discourage and encourage bank's investment and lending activities signaling central bank's goals and influencing the interest rates that banks offer loans at and pay to depositors. (The Fed Today) C) The Reserve Requirement The fed makes it mandatory to keep certain percentage of checking account deposits as reserve. Simply raising the reserve requirement banks will have less money to lend thus, r estricting the money supply. Opposite is also true; reducing the reserve ratio, banks will have more free money to lend and thus, money supply will increase. This tool is rarely used. Reserve requirement changes are indication that monetary policy is now moving toward a new direction. (The Fed Today) Stated Direction of Monetary Policy Since the 2001 recession and with the rising unemployment rate until mid-2003, the Fed reached to low interest rates of 1% by mid-2003. With the expansion and rising prices, the fed revised its target upward to reach 5.25% by mid-2006. With the economy entering into recession by December 2007, the target interest rates moved downward to 0 and 0.25 percent during December 2008. (Labonte, 2010) What came into notice of the monetary authorities that liquidity was not reaching to the financial system. Traditional transmission mechanism of monetary policy was not functioning. On this, the fed started making loans to non-financial firm and other financial i nstitu
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1
Art History - Essay Example The rise of humanism promoted a renewed interest in pagan themes. The writings of the classical authors such as Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates were influential in the new philosophies of the period. Therefore, an interest in the writings promoted an interest in the mythologies of the ancient Classical period (Hankins 14). However, the paintings would reflect the cultural aesthetics of the time period in which they were painted through the clothing and styles that were used upon the figural representations. Their were distinct differences in the work that was created in the late 15th century to that of the early 16th century. The work of the later half of the century was typified by large groupings of figures who created a story based on period interpretations of the concepts of mythological representations, where in the 16th century there is a shift to fewer figures with attention giving to the realism and curvature of the body. Two paintings that can be compared for these attributes are Francesco Cossa’s Triumph of Venus 1469-1470 and Raphael’s Three Graces 1501-1505. The transition between the two centuries happened very rapidly as the abandonment of the Gothic period with its flatter representations gave way to the appeal of the transformational quality of the use of light to reveal curve and depth. In looking at these two pieces of artwork, it is clear that the representation of the three graces are similar in composition, but distinctly different in the way they are presented. The purpose of the Three Graces are to represent the concept of benefits. In most ancient depictions they are shown nude as or in sheer clothing, according Seneca, benefits should be visible (Algazi et al 348). The goddesses are known for the affiliation with beauty, charm, human creativity, fertility and beauty. They are most often depicted as three represented by Aglaea who is
Monday, August 26, 2019
Importance of Oral Health in a Child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Importance of Oral Health in a Child - Essay Example Although the accidental cause due to injury or abrasion could not be controlled, tooth decay could be prohibited and avoided. The care for primary teeth has not given emphasis because of the fact that primary teeth are just temporary and will be replaced later by permanent teeth. For this reason, tooth decay among children is not new. Bacterial respiration or acids from the diet could cause tooth decay in children. The oral hygiene and care, and diet of the child could highly influence the rate and occurrence of tooth decay. Mahoney and Kilpatrick stated that oral medications such as mouthwash and toothpaste affect the rate of tooth decay. The high acidity and the presence of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), which is known as dematerializing agent, in mouthwash makes the mouthwash a possible cause of tooth wear. Their study also showed that the low pH of medicine such as asthma medicine of children increased tooth wear. Furthermore, they mentioned that the abrasion caused by brushing of teeth followed by intake of relatively acidic beverages showed an increase rate of tooth decay. According to Marsh all et al., there are high occurrences of tooth caries to children who have frequent consumption of soda pops as compared to milk and 100% pure fruit juice.
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Reinforcement Theory-Reinforcement Theory is one of the most Essay
Reinforcement Theory-Reinforcement Theory is one of the most misunderstood of the Decisional Process Theories - Essay Example Therefore, the goal of this essay is to enlighten the managers or trainers on the correct use of reinforcement theory on several decisional process theories that they can use reinforce their employees in occasion such as motivation. Reinforcement theory refers to a behavioral construction by controlling the consequences of behavior and is achieved through manipulation. A manager or trainer can be able to influence the behavior of employees in an organization by changing the consequence of their behavior. Reinforcement can be meant to correct, motivate, punish or extinct employee’s behavior an action known as behavior modification. For example, while correcting a behavior of an employee by removing unpleasant behavior in employee’s negative reinforcement is applied. Motivation is done to increase the frequency of pleasant behavior by following pleasurable consequence such as promotion to next higher grade. This is positive reinforcement. Moreover, extinction reinforcement is suitable to decrease the frequency of unpleasant behavior of employees by removing the consequence. Lastly, punishment by introducing instant consequence on the unpleasant behavior done by employees is advisable to decrease the frequency of such behaviors (Stephen 83).A manager has a very great influence to the behavior of the employees and by recognizing an individual’s physical and intellectual capacity for every employee to perform various mental and physical tasks in a specific job. For example, placing employees in accordance to their specialization during the division of labor. This will help to boost attitude of employees towards work hence providing the best for the organization. Moreover, manger should uphold personality of every worker in the organization is respecting their values and beliefs as it will help to achieve the goals of an organization (Bartlett 7-8). Reinforcement theory should portray how the organization and employees correlate to provide a healthy
Saturday, August 24, 2019
History of Management in Criminal Justice Agencies Essay
History of Management in Criminal Justice Agencies - Essay Example e way the United States criminal justice system has been managed over the past few decades, with former English customs and laws playing a significant role in influencing the contemporary system (Randolph, 2005). The criminal justice system includes parole and probation officers, correction officers, court officers, investigators and line officers. In the early days of the English law enforcement instituted by Alfred the Great, police forces were formed by loyal families who patrolled their regions. They appointed their own leaders, known as reeves, to oversee and coordinate the wider alliances (Friedman, 1993). The reeves later came to be known as sheriffs. To ensure the loyalty of the sheriffs, the power of appointing them was taken over by William the conqueror when he came into power. In the early 18th century, the system established by William the conqueror was borrowed by Philadelphia, Boston and New York with each having 10 official patrol areas (Randolph, 2005). The 19th cent ury industrialization and population growth brought about the need for police departments in municipals. Although New York and Philadelphia had 24 hour police force in service by 1830, some counties still operate under the sheriff system today. The difference is that the sheriffs are not appointed through local governments, but rather elected by citizens. Today, managers within the criminal justice system are knowledgeable in security, police and disaster management fields. Within the judiciary, before the revolution, American courts followed laws that Great Britain had handed down to them. However, the settlers and colonists later rejected the English laws because they did not grant them equal rights as Englishmen under The Great Charter of the Liberties of England (Friedman, 1993). They rejected attempts to be governed by the English Parliament from overseas yet they were not accorded representation. The subsequent rebellion ended in the American Revolution. With the adoption of the
Friday, August 23, 2019
Latinos in Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Latinos in Television - Essay Example Television has become one of the highest paying careers in the 21st century. As individuals become more engrossed in a demanding and intensive 21st Century lifestyle, entertainment is held in high regard. Technological advancements accord television a global audience that translates into considerable revenue annually. Sofia Vergara is currently the highest paid TV actor, earning $6 million in 2013. She earns $175,000 an episode. Cameron Diaz and Zoe Saldana are also two of the highest paid actors in Hollywood, having earned $34 million and $11 million respectively in 2013.Animated TV shows are a huge part of the film industry, especially in Hollywood. Such films have come to be loved and followed by many all over the world, creating a huge audience for the films and TV shows. In recent times, animated shows and films have had a positive portrayal of Latinos. Characters such as Disney hit Gabriella are an example of such portrayals of Latinos.The Spanish language is the symbol of Lati no heritage and culture. This language has reached a huge global audience through the emergence of numerous Spanish TV channels. Most of the global show in sports and entertainment are offered in numerous channels, Spanish and Portuguese are one of the main languages offered.In conclusion, Latinos have received a positive reception by global TV audience. This can be seen by the fact that the highest paid TV actor is of Latin origin, with numerous positive portrayals of Latinos in animated films and shows.
How a new company deal with orgnizational behavior in a new country Essay
How a new company deal with orgnizational behavior in a new country - Essay Example nced by, or learnt from their superiors since an enabling organizational behavior can be achieved if leaders set a good example to employees, and practice ethical behavior towards everyone in the organization. Leaders need to be emphatic, and be considerate on how such as decision shall affect the total morale and attitudes of the organization as a whole (Bonin, 2012). In addition, the notion of leaders giving instructions or making ethical judgments, while they themselves do not apply it would create a negative impression on employees hence affect organizational behavior. Secondly, the author relates the influence of changing technology on organizational behavior, and organization as a whole. He argues that changes in technology create a competitive advantage for the organization, and if handled well it enables the organization to increase its bottom line. Moreover, when these changes are introduced to the organization they usually lead to the production of higher quality products and services. With this change in technology, employees work performance may be affected as they have to adapt to these changes. Changes in technology may affect the employees work performance negatively; in turn, increase work related stress among them. This stress levels affect them physically and mentally and if not handled well shall affect the work performance of employees, reduce job satisfaction and in the long run the overall organizational output (Bonin, 2012). The article provides a solution in handling this work related stress in the workplace that may be caused by technological change. It states that in order to create better organizational behavior among employees, organizations need to provide training to employees on the changes in technology to enable them adapt well. There is also need to provide information on literature on stress, and if possible provide counseling to employees to help reduce stress. In the case of a new company in a new country, it should consider
Thursday, August 22, 2019
The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds Essay Example for Free
The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds Essay Noble and Prices in-depth article examining the specific technical attributes of the water clock in the Tower of Winds in the Roman Agora of Athens purports to be a virtual reconstruction of the Tower of Winds and, specifically, the water-clock and supporting water-tower within. The article is just that and little else. While steadfastly maintaining through out the article that the water-clock and the Tower of Winds have received too little literary and scientific attention over the centuries and lamenting that such a wonderfully curious structure (which has been maintained and continuously occupied over the many centuries since its construction), the authors do little to dramatize the Towers existence or bring the rich archaeological evidence and information made available by the structure into vivid, documentary realization. True enough, the Tower and the water-clock are generally passed over by scholars. An example is G. J. Whitrows mention of the Tower of Winds in his book Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day which states simply: there is evidence of more elaborate instrumentation, such as the Tower of the Winds which can still be seen in Athens, north of the Acropolis. Designed and built by the astronomer Andronicus Kyrrhestes of Macedonia in the second quarter of the first century BC, with a wind vane and complicated sundials on each of its eight walls, its most interesting feature is a reservoir in a smaller building that stood next to its south side 1 with the implication that the rest of the structure was, in fact, of little interest. Ironically, the very concept of a water-clock provokes a sense of mystery and interest. The origin of water-clocks is presumed to be Egyptians who developed the water-clock as a method for keeping track of time at night when sun-dials were, obviously, incapable of functioning: To provide a means of measuring time at night the Egyptians also invented the water-clock, or clepsydra as the Greeks later called it Vitruvius, writing about 30 BC, described a number of types 2 so the history of the water-clock is deep and richly extensive. The Noble-Price article hints at this rich history for the technological and cultural significance of the water-clock, but evades any real crystallization of the possible incarnations of water-clocks which preceded the massive example in the Tower of Winds. Before examining the strengths and weaknesses of the articles largely technical explication, it may be useful to summarize in general what a water-clock is and what it is intended to do. Although the Noble-Price article certainly fulfills this need for preliminary information, the Columbia Encyclopedia does a far better job of stating, succinctly, the overall historical evolution of the water-clock: More elaborate clepsydras were later developed. Some were double vessels, the larger one below containing a float that rose with the water and marked the hours on a scale. A form more closely foreshadowing the clock had a cord fastened to the float so that it turned a wheel, whose movement indicated the time. A further step was the use of gear wheels and a turning pointer. 3 Another key point of the Noble-Price article relevant to the history of clepsydras is that which demonstrates the distinction between the two major types of water-clocks (or clepsydras) which were used extensively in ancient times: the outflow model and the in-flow model. The article mentions that The outflow clepsydra was known as early as the third millennium B. C. in Egypt, [ ] In this type water is allowed to escape from a vessel by dripping from an orifice near its base. Time is then calculated by measuring the fall of the water level, or the entire period taken for all the water to drain away with the subsequent negative outcome that the rate of flow through the orifice depends on the head of water above it; therefore as the water drains away the flow becomes slower. 4 By contrast, with the inflow device, the invention of which Vitruvius ascribes to Ktesibios, water was fed into a tank somehow equipped to provide a constant head of water. From a small orifice near the bottom of the tank, water dripped at a constant rate into a cylindrical container provided with a float; the float indicated the change in water level and therefore the time elapsed 5 and this solution si evident in the Tower of Winds where The cylindrical tower section of the Tower of the Winds is perfectly suited to house such an apparatus 6. Such technical distinctions are seemingly minor, but play a key role in the pursuit of the article under discussion. As Noble-Price indicate in the articles opening paragraph, the intention of the article is to fill this long-standing lacuna 7 where the captivating archaeological evidence of The Tower of Winds is at long last brought to the attention of serious observers by way of the authors practical restoration of the mechanism designed by Andronikos of Kyrrhos in Macedonia, probably near the beginning of the second half of the first century 8 and the authors certainly fulfill this promise. The shortcoming of the article is its dry, technical explication of the water-clock and Tower which does little to improve upon the authors own dry observation that At the outset it must be admitted that literary and historical allusions to the Tower of the Winds or its designer give almost no indication that the building was anything more than an elaborate wind-vane. 9 By contrast, Suzanne Youngs study, An Athenian Clepsydra, narrates an engaging technical explication along with a dramatic recreation of the function of the clepsydra in the practice of ancient law: Our earliest authority for the clepsydra is Aristophanes. One of his chorus of old Acharnians grumbles that it is hardly fitting that youngsters should shame an old mans grey hairs by dragging him into litigation to destroy him at the clepsydra. 10 Young breaks up her technical explication with historical anecdote and humor: In a slightly later play he teases a jury-court veteran (his chief Wasp ) who never sleeps a wink11 or if he doze off the least bit his mind goes fluttering in the night about the clepsydra. Such an approach finds the reader far more prepared to absorb the more demanding specifications of the technical and cultural attributes under discussion. Similarly, Henry Robinsons article The Tower of the Winds and the Roman Market-Place adopts a narrative-historical approach to the interpretation of the water-clock and Tower, concluding that The Tower of the Winds served as a public time-piece for the city of Athens. Its interior instruments, then, like those in the horologium of Scipio Xasica at Rome, should have been accessible to the populace of the city at all times, both night and day. The absence of one cutting on each threshold block and of one on the floor of the Tower indicates that this was the case 12 and leading the reader to understand the cultural significance of the architecture. Perhaps the Noble-Price article might have benefited from a bit of personal introspection or commentary from the authors outside of that which pertains to the dearth of active scholarship in relation to their chosen subject for the article. Unfortunately, the authors vividly miss any opportunity to include such material, or even a bit of comic relief as is evident in Carl W. Blegans article Prosymna: Remains of Post-Mycenaean Date which catelogs a tremendous amount of information on a dizzying array of artifacts and manages to compress this information into an entertaining and memorable package. Perhaps it is necessary for the human mind to punctuate its absorption of information with cutaway moments of emotional reflection, humor, and introspection. If so, the Noble-Price article suffers greatly from its lack of such punctuated emotion. The Blegen article, for example, finishes with a bit of humor and mystery, describing an ancient Egyptian artifact: The arcs and the lines are for the most part accurately and carefully drawn. The zodiacal names and the numerals of the hours are written in fairly well formed letters which seem to belong to the end of the second century B. c. , and we may conclude that the sphere was made about that time. The dedicatory inscription, on the other hand, with its crowded, badly shaped letters, regular use of t for Z, EI for 0, and for R,must be a much later addition, perhaps assignable to the second century A. D. whatever its earlier history, the sun-dial was presumably at that time dedicated to Hera and set up in the sanctuary; from which it must subsequently have rolled down the hill to the place where it was found. 13 In conclusion, while the Noble-Price article does an admirable job of presenting technical details, is deeply researched, and honestly intended, the article lacks any narrative or dramatic intensity which and will likely do little to exhume the Tower of the Winds from scholarly or popular obscurity. NOTES 1. G. J. Whitrow, Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 50. 2 G. J.Whitrow, Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 27. ) 3. The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed. , s. v. Clepsydra, 4. Noble Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), p. 351. 5. Noble Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), p. 346. 6. Noble Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), p. 346. 7. Noble Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), p. 346. 8. Noble Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), 351. 9. Noble Joseph V. ; de Solla Price Derek J. The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. , 1968), 352. 10. Young, Suzanne. An Athenian Clepsydra Hesperia, Vol. 8, No. 3, The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Sixteenth Report. (Jul. Sep. , 1939), pp. 276. 11. Young, Suzanne. An Athenian Clepsydra Hesperia, Vol. 8, No. 3, The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Sixteenth Report. (Jul. Sep. , 1939), pp. 276. 12. Robinson, Henry S. The Tower of the Winds and the Roman Market-Place American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 47, No. 3. (Jul. Sep. , 1943), pp. 295. 13. Blegen, Carl W. Prosymna: Remains of Post-Mycenaean Date American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 43, No. 3. (Jul. Sep. , 1939), pp. 444.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Working Practices for Child Protection
Working Practices for Child Protection Christine Stanescu Analyse the working practices that are needed to ensure that adults and children are protected Children are full of energy and curiosity about their environment. When they are excited about a new experience, or see something they want to do, children may not think about any possible risks or dangers. We need to be able to recognise the challenges to the safety and well-being of children and young people how we work with, and help to minimise the risks, without taking away from the excitement of their activities. Any setting should have clear polices and procedures about all aspects of Heath and safety. All rooms and equipment used by children and young people should have regular checks to ensure that everything is working well and is safe. Some of this checks are required by law, for example, for electrical equipment must be checked by a qualified electrician every year. Nursery managers should make sure that health and safety checks are carried out as required. In a case of an accident, failure to check equipment could have serious implications. Many items that are used every day have been tested for safety by the British Standards Institution. An item with a BSI means that has independently tested and confirmed that the product complies with the relevant standard and safe and reliable. Supervision is key way in which we can keep children safe. Everyone who is responsible for children must know where they are and what they are doing at all times. Sometimes, adults perceive that supervision is about preventing children from doing things, but it can also be viewed positively, often supervised children can be encouraged to do more interesting and challenging activities. At the start of a session, some settings can become very busy. Parents may be dropping their children off, sometimes with siblings, and adults in the setting may be stretched because they are keeping an eye on the children who are already there while at the same time greeting children and their parents who are arriving. To avoid children wandering out, or staff not knowing which children have arrived, it is essential that all settings must have a register. Up-to-date register is essential in case there is a fire and must importantly to ensure that staff child ration are correct. It is important that we look for ways of reminding parents not to keep doors open or to let out any children other than their own. This is itself may not be adequate and so many settings also have doorbells or buzzers that indicate when a door has been left open or is being held open. In the same way that we must create systems to help children on arrival, so we must think about childrens safety as they leave the setting. Many of the systems that are put in place for when children arrive should also be followed when children leave. It is essential that children are not released into the care of someone who is not their parent or carer unless prior notification, preferably written, has ben given by the childs parent. Physical activities is essential for children of all ages as it helps to strengthen many parts of the body including to heart, lungs, bones and muscle. Physical activity is also linked to childrens need for stimulation. What children eat and drink has a important effect on childrens health. Children should have a majority of their calorie and nutrient intake at meal times. To help adult plan meal, the Food Standards Agency has produced the eatwell plate. This can be useful when considering the composition of a healthy meal. Hand washing is an essential activity that children need to learn. It needs to become part of the physical care routine so that children automatically wash their hands after going to the toilet, before meals and after playing outdoors. The setting should have writing provision for: accident records head lice sickness medication administration consent for, and the recording of, medicine administration food hygiene sun safety Some children have ongoing medical conditions or infections that are controlled by medication and so parents may ask to be administrate medicines. As medicines are a potential hazard procedures should be put in place to ensure that correct dosages are given and they are kept out of reach of children when not being administered. For any complains that arise as a result of an incident, correct and full documentation is imperative for both children and staff alike. Explain the various Heath and safety requirements needed for children attending the setting at the various different stages of child development Health and safety in the nursery environment requires adaptation for each different age group of children that are catered for in the setting. In every nursery, there are, in most circumstances, different rooms allocated for the various age groups enrolled. For example: babies for 6 weeks to 12 months young toddler for 12months to 2 years older toddlers for 2 years to 3 years pre-school for 3 years up to 5 years. Health and safety for babies in the nursery setting is concerned with scrupulous hygiene and a safe and secure room with clean, comfortable cots which are conform to the British Safety Standards. The baby room differs others in the nursery, as is a environment where many nurseries endeavour to create a home experience for the baby. This is achieved by incorporating homely furniture, mobile and brightly coloured posters. The health and safety implication for babies are concerned with hygiene, particularly surrounding the preparation of formula milk, nappy changing and application of barrier cream. Care must be taken by staff when making up baby milk to follow the instruction for making, storing and use of the made up milk. Baby milk may be made up in advance providing it is immediately cooled under running water then stored under refrigeration and used within 24 hours. Baby milk which has been made up in advance may be warmed gently in a jug of warm water immediately before given it to the baby. Un-finished bottles of feed must be discharged. It is very important that all the equipments used to feed and to prepare feeds for babies, has been throughly cleaned and sterilised before use. Cleaning and sterilising equipment removes harmful bacteria that could grow in the feed and make the babies ill. Some mothers who are breast-feeding their babies will bring in express milk either frozen or fresh to be used in bottles. The Department of Health recommend the following guidelines for storage: up to 5 days in the main part of a fridge at 4 grade C or lower up to 2 weeks in the freezer compartment of a fridge up to 6 months in a domestic freezer at minus 18 grade C or lower. Breast milk that has been frozen can be defrosted in the fridge and can be served straight from the fridge rather than warmed. The Heath and safety requirements for toddlers and pre-schools children different from babies, primarily because they are much more mobile and therefore different types of health and safety requirements apply. Measures to maximise protection for toddlers and pre-schoolers should include: safety covers for plug sockets secured windows which prohibit toddlers attempting to climb through them shatterproof film should be fitted to windows and any glass structures within the nursery building that may pose a shattering hazard doors should contain filled safety guards to prevent children from trapping their fingers kitchen and office areas should have safety gates which remain locked to prevent access to dangerous areas equipment should be safety and securely stored to prevent toddlers accessing materials that may injure them equipment should be age-appropriate and safe for toddlers. Indoor rooms should be 18-21grade C to avoid children becoming too hot. In worm weather, this temperature may be difficult to maintain and so extra fluids must be offered and children may be encourage to take off layers of clothing. The need for fresh air is about children having opportunities to breathe more oxygenated air. Indoors this means ensuring that is adequate ventilation, which also helps prevent the spread of airborne infections. Being outdoors in the fresh air seems to help children sleep and eat better. It is also means that children have access to sunlight which can support their intake of vitamins D. It is important to take measures to protect childrens skin from direct sunlight in the summer months, in order to prevent later skin cancer, but being out in the sunshine in the winter months is good for children. Light it is important to their health because it is linked to hormone regulation and this in turn can affect the sleeping patterns as well as the mood. The healthy development of babies and childrens brains requires that they must have opportunities for stimulation. This means providing play and activities as well as opportunities for sustained interaction and conversation with adults. Evaluate the various different procedures required to cover good hygiene within the nursery setting The nursery setting will have a policy and detailed procedures for infection control based on the advice from the Health Protection Agency. Hand washing is now of the most important ways of controlling and spread of infections, especially that cause diarrhoea and vomiting, and respiratory disease. The recommended method is the use of liquid soap, warm water and paper towels. Always wash hands after using toilet, before eating it handling food and after handling animals. All cuts and abrasions need to be cover with waterproof dressings. Coughing and sneezing easily spread infections. Children and adults should be encourage to cover their mouth and nose with a tissue. They need to wash hands after using or disposing of tissues. Spitting should be discourage. Personal protection equipment. Disposable non-powdered vinyl or latex-free CE-marked gloves and disposable plastic aprons must be worn where there is a risk of splashing or contamination with blood/body fluids. Goggles should also be available for use if there is a risk of slashing to the face. Cleaning of the environment, including toys and equipment, should be frequent, thorough and follow national guidance. Head lice spread by moving from one head to another. If there is an outbreak of head lice in the setting, it is important to inform parents so that everyone can check their hear. This includes the adults. It is also advisable for hair to be tied up wherever possible to prevent the spread. In the case of a child with a development of a illness, they should be discharged from the nursery setting as soon as possible. While the child is waiting to go home they should be isolated from this peers to minimise the risk of infection to other children. For a good hygiene in the nursery, it is necessary to briefly touch upon immunisation schedules to ensure protection from childhood disease. In situation where a childs immunisation scheme is not up-to-date parents should be encourage to contact their GP surgery to organise the immunisation that need to be carried out. In many settings, parents provide nappies for their children. Like many areas of physical care, this will be liked to parents preferences. Nappies need to be changed promptly and regularly so that babies do not develop a rash. It is important to carefully follow the procedures in the setting for changing nappies to prevent cross-infection. Disposable gloves and aprons should be worn and then take off when finished. This is to avoid any traces of urine or stools being passed to babies via the hands or clothes. Dirty nappies must be immediately disposed. The area where the baby is changed need to be cleaned throughly so that it is ready for the next change. Nappies should be changed in an area which is separate from areas in which food is eaten and prepared. It is essential that food is prepared, stored and cooked hygienically as gastrointestinal infection can be particularly dangerous for children due to their immature immune system which are susceptible to viruses and bacteria. There are three principles involved in the prevention of food poisoning caused by bacteria: prevent the bacteria from coming into contact with food prevent bacteria already present on food from multiplying and spreading to other items elimination of bacteria on food Preventing the bacteria from coming into contact with food is an important first step. The kitchen area must be kept clean and anyone handling foods must have good personal hygiene. The first step that should be taken before touching any food is to wash the wands with hot water and soap. Some raw products, such us meat, poultry and fish, are likely to contain bacteria. To prevent these bacteria from coming into contact with other foods, it is essential to use separate chopping boards and knives and also to wash hands after touching them. Food brought into the nursery for childrens packed lunches should be stored appropriately at the correct temperature. Cooked food should be checked to ensure that they are the correct temperature before being given to children. Identify the contents of a first aid kit, and discuss the importance of staff training in paediatric first aid First aid is the immediate response to someone with an injury or illness. First aid can prevent the injury on effects of the illness worsening. Children have accidents and may suddenly become ill and need help. We dont need to work in a childrens setting for long before we can be in a situation requiring someone with first aid knowledge and skills. Everyone who works with children should have paediatric first aid qualification. First aid certificates need to be renewed every 3 years from the completion date of the previous qualification. It is nursery manager responsibility to keep records which are regularly reviewed to ensure that staff receive training when it is required. Ofsted has certain requirements of anyone working in an early years setting, as regards their first aid skills. The responsibility of a paediatric first aider are simple. They need to: assess any situation in which a child appears to be ill or injured to: ensure own safety, and protect from any danger prevent further injury to the child prevent injury to other children provide care to a child who has suddenly become ill or injured until either medical help or an ambulance arrives the childs parent or carer arrives prevent the condition of the child becoming worse, if possible provide reassurance to the injured or Ill child and other children who may be involved in the area pass on information about the event or circumstance to the professional help or parents. First aid equipment, including personal protection, such as gloves and aprons, is only useful if we can identify it and use it appropriately. Wherever these are children, these should always a well-equipment first aid kit, kept in place where anyone needing it will quickly find it. A first aid kit should always be taken on outings away from the setting. The first aid kit should contain: disposable vinyl or latex-free gloves to protect first aiders hands from blood and other fluids scissors for cutting dressing and possibly clothing sterile gauze pads for covering small bleeding wounds adhesive tape for securing gauze pads large combined dressings for covering large wounds stretch bandage for holding dressing in place on body or limbs crepe bandage for supporting sprains to leg or ankle triangular bandage or sling for supporting arm or shoulder injury safety pins for fastening stings eye dressing for covering eye to protect it after injury or foreign body entry plasters for covering small cuts or grazes plastic bags to disposing soiled waste notepad and pen to making notes about the incident list of items in the first aid kit for checking the contents. References assessment 3 3.1 Personal experience Open study college, Nursery management level 3, study guide, page 47-52 3.2 Personal experience Open study college, Nursery management level, study guide, page 53 54 3.3 Personal experience Food hygiene course Open study college, Nursery management level 3, study guide, page 56 60
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Training During The Current Global Recession Management Essay
Training During The Current Global Recession Management Essay The report attempts to find out the possible effects of cutting down the training budgets and deferring training programs during the current global recession as suggested by the senior management. Current and past literature has been reviewed to explore if training is a luxury during the current global recession. Research shows that although during the time of recession when a large number of companies are cost cutting, laying off employees, and compromising on training, Asian firms unlike western companies are focusing on training and development of their employees. In spite of the economic recession; there is a call for managing and attracting the talented employees efficiently. Employers, who will be able to pull the top talent and take on them, quickly build their capacity, hold on to them by providing advancement and development prospects, and direct employees input in line with the broader organizational strategies, will not only survive the current recession but also emerge fr om it with a distinctive advantage. Through training, such employers communicate trust in the employees and thus attain employees commitment and engagement. Moreover the trained employees will be motivated and skillful enough to cope and serve their employers with the rapidly changing knowledge based economies. Training will be an investment whose profit will be earned in post recession period. Thus it can be concluded that in the current global economy, the need for training of the employees has never been greater. Human resource management should chose relevant cost effective methods of training such as E-Learning, distance learning and self directed learning for training line mangers and employees. The blend of various methods can make training cost effective as well as beneficial in increasing productivity of the organization. Introduction Global recession is a phase, faced by most of the countries, all over the world. This economic recession has led to bankrupty of many companies. Companies have been lossing billions of dollars and firing millions of people. Analysts are of the view that this is not the first time and the last time that the global economy is going through recession. (Himachali, S. 2009). Since the Great Depression of the late 1920s, the world economy has experienced recession about every decade or two and, typically, this was followed by steady growth, driven mostly by the many ensuing innovations. Therefore it can be implied that this recession is likely to follow a similar pattern (Ndahi, H. B. 2009) Companies are trying hard to survive by cost cutting, laying off employees and compromisng on employee training and development during recession (Himachali, S. 2009). The global recession is a challenge during the time when there is the globalization of economy; expansion of knowledge based economies and more industries being centered on knowledge-based activities are now offering increased support services. Jeff Immelt CEO of GE believes that during the time of recession just holding on until things get back to normal is an error for most companies what we are seeing now is the new normal, the new world order (Charan 2009). The present report reviews current and past literature to explore if training is a luxury during the current global recession. The report will look at the possible effects of cutting down the training budgets and deferring training programs during the current global recession as suggested by the senior management. It is hypothesized that Training increases productivity of an organization during the current global recession. Review of literature will imply whether or not the managements decision to cut down on the training budget and defer any training programs is justified or not. Here the variable Training is defined as systematic development of the knowledge, skills, and expertise required by a person to effectively perform a given task or job (Patrick, 2000). Landy (1985) defined job training as a set of planned activities on the part of an organization to increase the job knowledge and skills or to modify the attitudes and social behavior of its members in ways consistent with the goals of the organization and the requirements of the job (p. 306). Where as the other variable Productivity of an Organization is defined for the present study as organizational performance in terms of revenue generated, product quality, customer service, optimal performance, customer relations and business reputation. Role of Training of Employees in Productivity of an Organization The goal of training is for employees to master the knowledge, skill and behaviors emphasized in training programs and to apply them to their day-to-day activities (Noe, Raymond A; Hollenbeck, John R; Gerehart, Barry; Wright, Patrick M. 2003). Training can increase employees knowledge of foreign competitors and cultures, which is critical for success in foreign markets. It helps ensure that employees have the basic skills to work with new technology, such as robots and computer assisted manufacturing processes. It helps employees understand how to work effectively in teams to contribute to product and service quality and ensures that the companys culture emphasizes innovation, creativity, and learning. It ensures employment security by providing new ways for employees to contribute to the company when their jobs change, their interests change or their skills become obsolete. It prepares employees to accept and work more effectively with each other, particularly with minorities and wo men. (I.I Goldstein and P. Gilliam, 1990). There is sufficient evidence that training increases job knowledge and skills and in turn, this results in better employee performance (Colquitt, LePine, Noe, 2000; Goldstein Ford, 2002). More over the research shows that the learning can contribute to self-efficacy and job satisfaction (Allen, Poteet, Lentz, Lima, 2004), which in turn can raise organizational performance (Patterson, Warr, West, 2004; Riketta, 2008). A good deal of research has linked individual learning with job performance (Colquitt et al., 2000; Salas Cannon-Bowers, 2001). There is an evidence to suggest that learning engagement can result in greater work role flexibility and willingness to learn new skills (Birdi, Allan, Warr, 1997). Training can be used to foster higher levels of commitment and satisfaction. Several HRD studies confirmed that training practices could enhance employee commitment (Meyer Smith, 2000; Whitener, 2001). Satisfaction with workplace training in an employees overall job experience is crucial. Ranstads 2001 North America Employment Review survey of twenty-six hundred American and Canadian employees found that 80 percent of respondents said receiving training that increases their skills and abilities was a key component of what they looked for in jobs (What Drives, 2001). In fact it has become an important characteristic of the new employment relationship. Roehling, M. V., Cavanaugh, M. A., Moynihan, L. M. Boswell, W. R. (2000) systematically assessed current thinking regarding the nature of the changing employment relationship through a content analysis of the practitioner and academic literatures and reported that the two most frequently mentioned characteristics of the new employment relationship are employers responsibility to provide training, education, and skill development opportunities, and employees responsibility to take advantage of those opportunities to develop and maintai n their skills. Nevertheless the global economy of today makes ongoing learning important throughout an employees career. Employees must continue to learn and grow on the job simply as a requisite for continued employability (Schmidt, S. W., 2007). Significance of Training at Manegerial Level Training shouldnt be confined to employees only. Recession brings stress and many businesses are under threat from the poor psychological state of their stressed managers during the global recession. As stressed executives are more inclined to make wrong decisions that driven by their short term survival but are not in the companys strategic direction thus they end up ultimately damaging their business productivity and progress. Thus Managers and leaders need to be trained in this time of stress to trust their intuition and make meaningful decisions based on what is important for their business in the long term. (Zeus and Skiffington, 2004). Organizations are now realizing that workplace expertise is crucial to maintaining optimal performance and adapting to change in todays dynamic business world (Herling, 2000; Krohn, 2000). Training in the principles of social interest, democracy, and encouragement can assist managers in developing the leadership skills to foster collaborative and participative workplaces. Managers educated in participative management typically create satisfied, committed employees (Soonhee, 2002). Employer-employee relationship largely depends upon how well trained mangers are and their effective leadership qualities. Hogan (2002) noted that 60% to 75% of the employees in any organization report the worst or most stressful aspect of their job is the relationship with their immediate supervisor. According to Goldsmith (2004), employees interpersonal competence becomes more important as they achieve more visible leadership status. Most job candidates are hired based on their technical and functional abilities, but these skills recede into the background as individuals assume more prominent leadership positions. Annette Ryan, director of The Effect believes that although business leaders prior to the recession looked like leaders, but actually they were just managing in the good times. The recession demanded leadership skills, not management skills, and so these people came under a lot of pressure. Ryan says the companies that weathered the storm best are those with leaders who c ould make the hard calls, appropriately (SamGanankkan, S. 2010). Impact of Recession on Training Recession has been defended differently by various economies. Top performing economies, including the US and UK, are reducing focus on knowledge development, coaching and mentoring, and other human capital investments, with more firms reporting a decline than an increase in investment in staff development in 2008 (Clarke, M. 2009). The British Chambers of Commerce Quarterly Economic Survey (2008) also reported that firms that were investing earlier in the year are now cutting back investments in plants, machinery and training due to the pessimistic outlook for sales, orders and exports. However, by comparison, in Asia, according to the Economist Intelligence Units Business Outlook Survey, Asian companies are instead taking measures such as cutting business travel costs, reducing inventories and streamlining other budgets to cope with the recession. A minority of Asian firms (just over 40 percent) said that they would cut their training budgets in response to the recession, which was low in the order of priority compared to other measures. This contrasts with the industrialized countries, where a larger number of firms are cutting investments in employees rather than increasing them. (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2009). These findings suggest that emerging market countries will be well-positioned to overtake industrialized countries when the economy improves (Clarke, M. 2009). Impact of Deferring Training during Recession Deferring training means communicating to the employees that there are no long-standing prospects in the company. Moreover it may lead to assertive competitors picking up cream of the company leaving behind less capable employees. Thus companies that can afford to keep training, as part of their regimen will position themselves well for a rebound (Girard, K., 2008). The studies show that this lack of investment in training is detrimental. According to the Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009, compiled by Klaus Schwab and Michael Porter for the 2009 World Economic Forum in Davos, an inadequately trained workforce was a highly rated problem-factor in doing business in the US, the UK and many other European countries. In comparison, fewer felt this was a major concern in developing markets such as China, India and South East Asia. According to analyst firm International Data Corporation (IDC), businesses are already losing  £19 billion annually because of employees not having sufficient knowledge to do their job correctly. This statistic is staggering and particularly detrimental during hard economic times (Clarke, M. 2009). Employee misunderstanding, resulting from a lack of training and knowledge assessments, can be very costly for businesses; not only in terms of time and money, but also customer relations and business reputation. Additionally, a lack of knowledge and understanding of corporate and industry regulations could potentially result in high costs for the company. Business regulations seem to be constantly changing within every industry, across all sectors, and if employees are not conducting their business in compliance with new laws and policies, they are putting their company at risk of being fined and incurring other such penalties (Clarke, M. 2009). According to the survey of Monster resource center, employers are becoming increasingly tasked with how to handle present workplace changes and managing employees in the short-term. However, the companies that invest in their people now will be a step ahead in retaining their top talent (Monster World wide, inc 2009). Significance of Training During Recession Recession is a perfect time to invest even more in the training and retraining of workers to take on the new challenges of the current financial crisis, and for improved productivity when the economy recovers. The fact that all sectors of the economy are affected by the crisis means that all enterprises will require workers who are skilled, innovative and adaptable to help their company emerge from the crisis strong enough to compete in the global market. Therefore, investing in education and training of human resources should be a priority for every enterprise public and private (Ndahi, H. B. 2009). History shows that in the first few months in an upturn, hiring quickly becomes a front-burner issue, so in fact its a better option to save costs in hiring by investing in nurturing the skills and talent of employees. Investing in employee training during a downturn has the added benefit of improving staff loyalty, commitment and building high-performing teams (Ndahi, H. B. 2009). Chartered Institute of Personnel and Developments (CIPD) Recruitment, Retention and Turnover survey found out that Employers are choosing to focus on retention rather than recruitment in response to current resourcing issues. The report revealed that 73% of organizations find a lack of necessary specialist skills remains the key resourcing challenge, whilst 56% of employers are tackling this by concentrating on retention strategies such as training and career development opportunities with 75% of employers saying that additional training to allow internal staff to fill posts was the most effective recruit ment initiative. (Hesselschwedt, P. 2009). Training and development doesnt only mean to build the capacity of the employees for efficiently performing tasks in the work place. From employees perspective it means respecting and trusting individuals for what they are. According to Kelly International Workforce Survey (Kelly Services, Inc., 2010), during recession the issue of salary and benefits is of secondary importance for all generations. In answer to the question what one factor would be most likely to cause you to leave your organization, most respondents from various regions regarded lack of opportunities for advancement to be the reason for leaving organization. When respondents from various regions were asked as a result of the economic recession are you more loyal to your employer? If yes, why? Most of the respondents regarded positive management (56-70%) to be the reason to stay loyal to the employer, whereas a significant number (37-38%) regarded it to the training and development. It shows that managers training is very significant so that they can impart influential leadership skills. When considering whether to remain in or quit their job, younger workers have a much greater interest in the possibility of career advancement, while more mature workers predominantly focus on the quality of management ( Kelly Services, Inc. 2010). Studies have shown that for small and medium-sized enterprises formal training is not preferred due to high cost for training (Curran et al. 1997; Westhead and Storey 1996), uncertainty and short time horizon (Westhead and Storey 1996), loss of trained employees to other employers due to lack of internal promotion opportunities. Therefore informal training is opted as it is less costly, can be easily integrated into daily operations of the small firm, and is focused on employees specific needs (Hill and Stewart 2000; Curran et al. 1997). Large organizations during recession are facing the similar issues such as uncertainty and difficulty managing finances for training. But as the research for the small firms show that In spite of these seemingly legitimate reasons for preferring informal training, it is argued that failure to provide adequate formal employee training retards development of sustained competitive advantages in small and medium-sized enterprises (Stewart and McGoldrick 1996; Garavan, Costine, and Heraty 1995). And this significance of providing formal training can also be implied to large organizations during recession for high productivity. Need for training has become inevitable since companies today are challenged to expand globally. Because of the increase in global operations, employees often work outside their country of origin to work with employees from other counties. Cross cultural preparation training to educate exaptriates who are to be sent to a foreign country to conduct business successfully in the global market place is vital so that employees must understand the business practises and the cultual norms of different countries (Noe, Raymond A; Hollenbeck, John R; Gerehart, Barry; Wright, Patrick M. 2003). Knowledge Based Economies and Need for Training in Post Recession Economy Analysts are of the view that after recession; customers, competitors and suppliers will have different expectations and behaviors, so business strategies must anticipate and adapt to the new challenges and opportunities (Welch and Welch 2009). Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009 sketches new dimension of the world economy which is now experiencing globalization, knowledge based economies are being expanded and more industries that were previously not centered on knowledge based activities are now offering increased support services. Firms that do not obtain or maintain necessary skills through workplace education will find themselves excluded from the global value chain (Gorg, Greenaway and Kneller 2008). There are many dimensions in which firms must develop their capabilities, including in the use of new technology, production methods and engagement with global supply chains and networks. No less important is a commitment to investment in learning and development to ensure empl oyees and management are confident, competent and skilled to carry out their roles (Clarke, M. 2009). With the expansion of knowledge-based economies investment in knowledge will be essential in creating competitive advantage in the future (Fauth and Brinkley 2009). All this put a heavier emphasis on training of employees so that they are able to seek knowledge. Thus a lack of investment in people and their knowledge development will threaten the ability of leading industrialized countries to maintain global competitiveness in the post-recession economy (Mizen, P. 2009). Cost Effective Training Methodology During Global Recession Employees can be trained through e-learning, self study, video based training, instructor led training, simulations, apprenticeship, case study, interactive videos, team building and adventure learning, distance learning and job shadowing etc. Although the research shows that the methodologies which involve an instructor or coach were preferred significantly such as instructor-led training, one-on-one training, and job shadowing (Schmidt, S. W., 2007) more than the more solitary methodologies such as computer-based training, or self-study including video-based training (Nordhaug, 1989) as participants prefer a high degree of interaction between an instructor or coach and a student or students (Schmidt, S. W., 2007). But it is expected that the use of training technologies will increase dramatically in the next decade as technology improves and becomes cheaper; companies recognize the potential cost savings of delivering training via desktop computers (M. Van Buren, and W. Woodwell, J r., 2000), especially during and after recession. New training technologies can lower delivery costs and increase flexibility in delivery. (Gupta, H. U. 1996) for example, training delivered by an instructor at a central location requires employees to spend time away from their regular jobs and incurs employee travel costs. Lower delivery costs can be realized by using satellite-based training or distance leaning in which training programs are transmitted via satellite to several locations. Also use of CD-ROM or web base training gives employees the flexibility to participate in training on 24-hour basis at home or work though use of personal computers. (Noe, Raymond A; Hollenbeck, John R; Gerehart, Barry; Wright, Patrick M. 2003). These methodologies can be safely used during recession. An advantage of distance learning is that the company can save on travel expenses. It also allows employees in geographically dispersed sites to receive training from experts who would not be otherwise available to visit each location. E.g. the research and development group at 3M found considerable cost savings by using video conferencing to conduct an eight week class on imaging technology that involved instructors from Europe and USA. (Nadeau, M., 1995 B. Flipczak and B. Leonard, 1996). Without video conferencing the class wouldve cost $100,000 making it too expensive. With video conferencing the course cost only $13,000 (Noe, Raymond A; Hollenbeck, John R; Gerehart, Barry; Wright, Patrick M. 2003). Similarly the self-directed learning requires fewer trainers, reduces costs associated with travel and meeting rooms, and makes multiple site training more realistic. In the same way, although employers have to pay highly for developing interactive video programs and purchasing the equipment yet this is offset by the reduction in instructors costs and travel costs related to a central training location. At Federal Express, interactive video has made it possible to train 35,000 customer contact employees in 650 locations nationwide, saving the company millions of dollars (Hannum, W.H. 1990). In the same way, e-learning trainees are more engaged through the use of videos, graphics, sound and text, which appeal to multiple senses of the learner. Besides enhancing the training experience e-learning can reduce training costs and time. It brings geographically dispersed employees at their locations reducing travel costs (Noe, Raymond A; Hollenbeck, John R; Gerehart, Barry; Wright, Patrick M. 2003). Recession can be an Opportunity Similarly, Lynda Gratton suggests that recessions provide the space for new ideas to flourish while the economic effects can be dire, in the long term recession can have a positive effect on work and working habits (Gratton 2008). For many companies, times of turmoil offer new business opportunities, but taking advantage of them requires fast response, aggressive attitudes, and serious changes to the corporate status quo (Thornton 2009). Visionary leaders will emerge from the recession strong, with an educated and skilled workforce, because they would have invested in training during tough times. They would have realized that education and training constitute a bridge to entering and competing in new market conditions in the global economy (Ndahi, H. B. 2009). Recession is the right time to focus on innovation and creativity. An emphasis on greater market research (which is often neglected because of complacency when times are more profitable) would definitely pay off. Creating new products or services can open the gates for new consumers of products or services. Training is an investment not an expense. Despite any recession, it should be maintained as a continuous process to ensure organizations remain competitive and productive. (Rao, M. S. 2009). Conclusion Thus through the review of literature significance of employee and managers training has been highlighted. Workplace expertise is vital to sustain optimal performance and adapting to change in todays changing business world. Although companies are cutting down training due to global recession, yet research shows that inadequately trained workforce has affected business detrimentally. It is better to spend on retention rather than recruitment, as right after recession highly skilled staff will be required to compete in the global market. Moreover training employees is an investment that leads to staff loyalty and commitment. During recessions, organizations can find ways and means to cut down on unwarranted expenditure elsewhere other than training. Human resource management can chose relevant cost effective methods of training such as E-Learning, distance learning and self directed learning for training line mangers and employees. The blend of various methods can make training cost e ffective as well as beneficial in terms of increased production and improvements in product quality or customer service, raise in organizational performance in terms of greater revenue generated, maintenance of optimal performance, sustained customer relations and business reputation, saving company from the risk of being fined and incurring other penalties. Thus the hypothesis Training increases productivity of an organization during the current global recession is proved to be correct. Therefore training during recession is not a luxury; rather its a necessity. Hence the organizations management is not justified to cut down on the training budget and defer any training programs. In fact recession can be an opportunity for employees to spend time learning and for employers to gain a competitive edge. Recommendations Following recommendations are made for the organizations training program for management as well as employees during recession. The organization should map out the cost effective training related activities and the processes used to accomplish them methodically. Relevant cost effective methods of training such as E-Learning, distance learning and self directed learning for training line mangers and employees can be used. These methods can be used in a combination to maximize benefit and reduce cost. Need assessment should be done before planning training so that training objectives are in line with the organizations strategic goals. The planning process should be initiated with an audit of existing activities and measurement of new employee performance and of turnover outcomes. Whereas the outcomes should be defined and regularly evaluated (Holtan III, E. E, 1996). It is suggested that the organization should focus on collective learning during the time of recession. The organization should take steps to generate, disseminate and retain knowledge about itself. The managers should be trained extensively and through the acquired knowledge, capacity of the other workers should be build. The trainer employees should be appreciated when they are able to share and transfer their knowledge and skills with other employees. As past studies have shown information sharing as a way of involvement, to be linked to better business performance (Gibson, Porath, Benson, Lawler, 2007; Law Ngai, 2008; Lin, 2008). Organizational training can further be used to enhance team learning. It is suggested that training should be provided at managerial level and later trained managers should disperse this learning in team to other members. This will be not only cost effective but would result in stronger shared mental models that can improve performance as Marks, Zaccaro, and Mathieu (2000) and Marks, Sabella, Shawn Burke, and Zaccaro (2002) demonstrated in an experiment. It is proposed that the employees can be trained through the orientation programs learning in the workplace apart from job-training programs. During recession period, apart from the formal training, orientation sessions can be useful and less expensive. Through orientations employees can be trained for short-term period in which they can be provided basic information and the social cues. (Holtan III, E. E, 1996). A part from the formal job training, employees can be facilitated for workplace learning activities which may include all learning activities that occur in the workplace itself, such as on-the-job training, social learning, and informal learning. HR should evaluate employees after these formal and informal learning and should grant employees certificates provided their skills are developed. Moreover the organization should enhance and develop existing training programs because they will help reveal employees learning and areas that need more consideration. According to Clarke (2009) this kind of information helps to prepare future employees for their roles and saves companies the time and money that would otherwise be lost in misplaced and ineffective training programs. Due to the fast changing business scenario and economy, unpredictable market situation and global competition, during the period of recession or after that it is very important that the organization is transformed into a learning organization. It is not unrealistic to visualize for a learning organization that facilitates the learning of all its members and continuously transforms itself [Pedler, Burgoyne, Boydell, 1991]. This can help to increase competitiveness through generative learning that is forward looking and reduces the major shocks of change, through close relationships with customers and other key constituents that allow for mutual adjustment, and through the ability to quickly reconfigure and reallocate resources based on environmental change (Slater Narver, 1995). It is suggested that the organization should use assessment programs to identify the top employees to determine which employees are the most valuable for the business and should be retained. Such employees should be given extensive training and their capacity should be build to train other employees. As employing trainers within the organization would be more cost effective.
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